Molecular adaptors

1. A plurality of transmembrane protein pores, each covalently attached to a cyclodextrin molecular adaptor that facilitates an interaction between the pore and a nucleic acid analyte, wherein:

(i) the pores are variants of α-hemolysin in which one or more of the subunits has at least 50% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2 based on amino acid identity over the entire sequence and which retain pore activity;

(ii) the adaptors in the plurality of pores are collectively orientated so that either (a) the primary hydroxyls or amino groups of the adaptors face the trans entrance of the pore or (b) the secondary hydroxyls or amino groups of the adaptors face the trans end of the pores;

(iii) the pores are modified at position 113 in one or more subunits to facilitate the orientation of the adaptors, and

(iv) the pores are modified at position 113 or 117 in one or more subunits to facilitate the covalent attachment of the adaptors.

2. A method of producing a plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 , comprising:

(a) providing a plurality of transmembrane protein pores which are variants of α-hemolysin in which one or more of the subunits has at least 50% homology to SEQ ID NO: 2 based on amino acid identity over the entire sequence, which retain pore activity, which are modified at position 113 or 117 in one or more of the subunits to facilitate the covalent attachment of cyclodextrin molecular adaptors, wherein the adaptors facilitate an interaction between the pores and a nucleic acid analyte, and which are modified at position 113 in one or more of the subunits to facilitate the orientation of the adaptors;

(b) covalently attaching the adaptor to each of the pores; and

(c) determining whether or not the adaptors in the plurality of pores are collectively orientated so that either the primary hydroxyls or amino groups of the adaptors face the trans entrance of the pores, or the secondary hydroxyls or amino groups of the adaptors face the trans end of the pores.

3. A method of determining presence or absence of an analyte, comprising:

(a) contacting the analyte with a plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 so that the analyte interacts with the pores; and

(b) measuring the current passing through the pores during the interaction and thereby determining the presence or absence of the analyte.

4. A method of identifying an individual nucleotide, comprising:

(a) contacting the nucleotide with a plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 so that the nucleotide interacts with the pores; and

(b) measuring the current passing through the pores during the interaction and thereby determining the identity of the nucleotide.

5. A method of sequencing a target nucleic acid sequence, comprising:

(a) digesting an individual nucleotide from one end of the target sequence using a processive exonuclease;

(b) contacting the nucleotide with a plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 so that the nucleotide interacts with the adaptor;

(c) measuring the current passing through the pores during the interaction and thereby determining the identity of the nucleotide; and

(d) repeating steps (a) to (c) at the same end of the nucleic acid sequence and thereby determining the sequence of the nucleic acid.

6. A kit for sequencing a nucleic acid, comprising a plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 and a processive exonuclease.

7. A plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 , wherein the cyclodextrin is heptakis-6-amino-β-cyclodextrin (am7-β-CD) or 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino-β-cyclodextrin (am1β-CD).

8. A plurality of transmembrane protein pores according to claim 1 , wherein the pores are modified at position 113 in six subunits to facilitate the orientation of the adaptors.