Nested Mach-Zehnder modulator
An apparatus includes an optical splitter, an optical intensity combiner, first and second Mach-Zehnder interferometers, and first and second drive electrodes. The first Mach-Zehnder interferometer connects a first optical output of the optical intensity splitter to a first optical input of the optical intensity combiner. The second Mach-Zehnder interferometer connects a second optical output of the optical intensity splitter to a second optical input of the optical intensity combiner. The first drive electrode is located between and connected to a pair of semiconductor junctions along first internal optical arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers. The second drive electrode is located between and connected to a pair of semiconductor junctions along second internal optical arms of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
an optical intensity splitter having first and second optical outputs;
an optical intensity combiner having first and second optical inputs;
a first a Mach-Zehnder interferometer connecting the first optical output to the first optical input;
a second Mach-Zehnder interferometer connecting the second optical output to the second optical input; and
a first drive electrode located between and connected to a first pair of semiconductor junctions, the semiconductor junctions of the first pair being located along and in first internal optical waveguides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers; and
a second drive electrode located between and connected to a second pair of semiconductor junctions, the semiconductor junctions of the second pair being located along and in second internal optical waveguides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first drive electrode is able to drive the semiconductor junctions of the first pair in a reverse-biased mode.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first drive electrode is able to drive the semiconductor junctions of the first pair in a forward-biased mode.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second drive electrodes are configured to drive the semiconductor junctions of the pairs in a reverse-biased mode.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first and second drive electrodes are configured to drive the semiconductor junctions in a forward-biased mode.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the Mach-Zehnder interferometers, the electrodes, the optical intensity splitter, and the optical intensity combiner are in an integrated optical device.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 ,
wherein each drive electrode is in contact with first regions of a same dopant type of a pair of semiconductor junctions; and
wherein the apparatus further comprises electrodes located lateral to and in contact with same dopant-type second regions of each pair of semiconductor junctions.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first and second drive electrodes are in contact with semiconductor regions having a same dopant type.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the first and second drive electrodes are in contact with semiconductor regions having an opposite dopant type.
10. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein optical cores of optical waveguides of the Mach-Zehnder interferometers, the optical intensity splitter, and the optical intensity combiner include silicon ribs.
11. A method of operating an optical modulator, comprising:
receiving an optical carrier at optical inputs of Mach-Zehnder interferometers of a nested pair thereof; and
electrically driving semiconductor junctions located in two internal optical waveguides of each Mach-Zehnder interferometer to modulate a stream of data symbols onto the received optical carrier; and
wherein the electrically driving is such that each semiconductor junction remains in a biasing state of the other of the semiconductor junctions, the biasing state being forward-biased or reverse biased.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the biasing state is forward-biased.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the biasing state is reverse-biased.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrically driving includes driving the semiconductor junctions of each Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a push-pull configuration.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the electrically driving includes applying a complement of a data signal to a first central electrode when the data signal is applied to a second central electrode, each central drive electrode being located between and connected to a pair of the semiconductor junctions.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the electrically driving includes applying a voltage to a first central electrode when a voltage of opposite sign is applied to a second central electrode, each central drive electrode being located between and connected to a pair of the semiconductor junctions.