Apparatuses for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation
Methods and apparatus are provided for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation. Thermally-induced renal neuromodulation may be achieved via direct and/or via indirect application of thermal energy to heat or cool neural fibers that contribute to renal function, or of vascular structures that feed or perfuse the neural fibers. In some embodiments, parameters of the neural fibers, of non-target tissue, or of the thermal energy delivery element, may be monitored via one or more sensors for controlling the thermally-induced neuromodulation. In some embodiments, protective elements may be provided to reduce a degree of thermal damage induced in the non-target tissues.
1. An apparatus for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation, the apparatus comprising:
a device sized and shaped for delivery within a blood vessel to a vicinity of a neural fiber that contributes to renal function, the device being adapted to receive a thermal fluid for removing heat to protect non-target tissue of the wall of the blood vessel;
a thermal modulation element at least proximate to the device, the thermal modulation element being configured to expand from a first dimension to a second dimension, and
a balloon at least proximate to the thermal modulation element and capable of expanding the thermal modulation element from the first dimension to the second dimension,
wherein the thermal modulation element is configured to contact, but not pass through, a wall of the blood vessel upon expansion of the thermal modulation element to the second dimension within the blood vessel, and
wherein the thermal modulation element comprises at least one electrode configured to transmit a thermal electric field to the neural fiber to thermally induce modulation of a function of the neural fiber when the thermal modulation element is at the second dimension within the blood vessel.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thermal modulation element is configured to thermally induce modulation of a function of the neural fiber while causing minimal thermal alteration to non-target tissue of the wall of the blood vessel.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus further comprises at least one sensor.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the sensor is configured to monitor a physiological parameter of the neural fiber.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the sensor is configured to monitor a physiological parameter of non-target tissue.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the sensor is configured to monitor a parameter of the apparatus.
7. The apparatus of claim 3 further comprising a feedback control in communication with the sensor.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the balloon is adapted to receive the thermal fluid for expanding the balloon and for serving as a heat sink for removing heat from the vessel wall contacted by the thermal modulation element.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the device is capable of injecting the thermal fluid into the blood vessel for removing excess thermal energy and thereby protecting non-target tissues.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode is attached to the balloon.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the at least one electrode is attached to an inside surface of the balloon, an outside surface of the balloon or at least partially embedded within a wall of the balloon.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an external ground pad for monopolar use in conjunction with any of the at least one electrodes.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode comprises at least two electrodes capable of bipolar energy delivery therebetween.