Methods of synthesizing and isolating N-(bromoacetyl)-3,3-dinitroazetidine and a composition including the same
A method of synthesizing and isolating N-(bromoacetyl)-3,3-dinitroazetidine (ABDNAZ) by reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate to produce a mixture comprising ABDNAZ and a salt of DNAZ. Water and a solvent are added to the mixture to form an organic phase comprising the ABDNAZ and an aqueous phase comprising the salt of DNAZ. The organic phase and the aqueous phase are separated to produce an ABDNAZ/solvent solution comprising the ABDNAZ and the aqueous phase comprising the salt of DNAZ. A nonsolvent is added to the ABDNAZ/solvent solution to produce an ABDNAZ/solvent/nonsolvent mixture. The ABDNAZ is subsequently recovered. A composition comprising ABDNAZ is also disclosed.
1. A method of producing N-(bromoacetyl)-3,3-dinitroazetidine (ABDNAZ), comprising:
reacting 1-tert-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine (DNAZ) with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate to produce a reaction mixture comprising ABDNAZ and a salt of DNAZ;
adding water and a solvent to the reaction mixture to form an organic phase comprising the ABDNAZ and an aqueous phase comprising the salt of DNAZ;
separating the organic phase and the aqueous phase to produce an ABDNAZ/solvent solution comprising the ABDNAZ and the aqueous phase comprising the salt of DNAZ;
adding a nonsolvent to the ABDNAZ/solvent solution to produce an ABDNAZ/solvent/nonsolvent mixture, the nonsolvent comprising an organic solvent; and
recovering the ABDNAZ.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate to produce a reaction mixture comprising ABDNAZ and a salt of DNAZ comprises reacting the DNAZ, bromoacetyl bromide, and boron trifluoride etherate at reflux and for a time period of from approximately four hours to approximately seven hours.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate to produce a reaction mixture comprising ABDNAZ and a salt of DNAZ comprises reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate in a solvent.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate in a solvent comprises reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate in dichloromethane.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein reacting DNAZ with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate in a solvent comprises reacting two molar equivalents of DNAZ with 1.5 molar equivalents of bromoacetyl bromide in dichloromethane.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein adding water and a solvent to the reaction mixture to form an organic phase and an aqueous phase comprises adding dichloromethane and water to the reaction mixture to form the organic phase comprising the ABDNAZ and the aqueous phase comprising the salt of DNAZ.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising washing the ABDNAZ/solvent solution with water before adding the nonsolvent.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising adding a drying agent to the ABDNAZ/solvent solution to remove water and recovering the drying agent.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising removing at least a portion of the solvent from the ABDNAZ/solvent solution.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein adding a nonsolvent to the ABDNAZ/solvent solution comprises adding ethanol to the ABDNAZ/solvent solution.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein recovering the ABDNAZ comprises removing the solvent from the ABDNAZ/solvent/nonsolvent mixture to form an ABDNAZ/nonsolvent suspension.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising removing the nonsolvent from the ABDNAZ/nonsolvent suspension to produce crystals of the ABDNAZ.
13. A method of producing N-(bromoacetyl)-3,3-dinitroazetidine (ABDNAZ), comprising:
reacting 1-tert-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine (DNAZ) with bromoacetyl bromide and boron trifluoride etherate in dichloromethane to produce a reaction mixture comprising ABDNAZ and a hydrogen bromide salt of DNAZ;
adding water and an additional volume of dichloromethane to the reaction mixture to form an organic phase comprising the dichloromethane and the ABDNAZ and an aqueous phase comprising the water and the hydrogen bromide salt of DNAZ;
separating the organic phase from the aqueous phase;
adding ethanol to the organic phase comprising the dichloromethane and the ABDNAZ;
evaporating the dichloromethane under reduced pressure to form an ABDNAZ/ethanol suspension; and
filtering the ethanol from the ABDNAZ/ethanol suspension.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein filtering the ethanol from the ABDNAZ/ethanol suspension comprises producing ABDNAZ at a yield of from approximately 80% to approximately 100% based on an assumed 100% yield of DNAZ from 1-tert-butyl-3-hydroxymethy-3-nitroazetidine (HMNAZ).
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein filtering the ethanol from the ABDNAZ/ethanol suspension comprises producing ABDNAZ having a purity of greater than approximately 99.5%.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein producing ABDNAZ having a purity of greater than approximately 99.5% comprises producing ABDNAZ substantially free of a salt of 1-tert-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein producing ABDNAZ having a purity of greater than approximately 99.5% comprises producing ABDNAZ comprising less than approximately 0.4% 1-tert-butyl-3,3-dinitroazetidine.