DNA sequencing method

1. A method for determining the sequence of a polynucleotide, comprising the steps

(i) contacting a target polynucleotide with a polynucleotide processive enzyme, wherein the enzyme comprises a first type and second type of interactive label, and the degree of interaction between the first and second type of label is dependent on a conformational change in the enzyme; and

(ii) detecting conformational changes in the enzyme as the enzyme processes along the polynucleotide, thereby determining the sequence of the polynucleotide.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is a polymerase enzyme.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is a helicase enzyme or a primase enzyme.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is immobilized on a solid support.

5. The method according to claim 4 , comprising a plurality of enzymes immobilized on the solid support.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the characteristics of the first type of label alter as the enzyme undergoes a conformational change.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first type of label is an energy acceptor and the second type of label is an energy donor, or wherein the first type of label is an energy donor and the second type of label is an energy acceptor, and wherein the detection step is carried out by measuring energy transfer between the two types of labels.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the detection step is carried out using confocal microscopy.

9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the detection step is carried out by fluorescence imaging.

10. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the detection step is carried out by measuring a polarisation effect consequent on the altered characteristics of the first label.

11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the detection step is carried out by fluorescence polarisation anisotrophy.

12. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the conformational change is brought about when the polymerase incorporates a nucleotide into a nascent strand complementary to the target polynucleotide.

13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the nascent strand is a primer sequence.

14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the detecting step occurs in a flow cell.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme forms a complex with the target polynucleotide, and the detecting step is repeated one or more times utilizing the same complex.

16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the contacting and/or detecting step occur under conditions sufficient to induce enzyme activity.

17. A method for determining the sequence of a polynucleotide, comprising the steps of:

(i) contacting a polymerase enzyme with an unlabeled target polynucleotide to form a complex;

(ii) contacting the complex with one or more unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates selected from the group consisting of dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP, under conditions sufficient to induce polymerase activity; and

(iii) detecting a change in pH as the enzyme processes along the target polynucleotide, thereby determining the sequence of the target polynucleotide, wherein the pH change results from the incorporation of a nucleoside triphosphate into a nascent nucleotide strand complementary to the target polynucleotide.

18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the enzyme comprises a fusion of green fluorescent protein to the enzyme.

19. The method according to claim 17 , wherein steps (ii) and (iii) are repeated one or more times utilizing the same complex.

20. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the nascent strand is a primer sequence.

21. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the detecting step occurs in a flow cell.

22. The method according to claim 17 , wherein the enzyme and/or the complex is immobilized on a solid support.