Patent
N-n-Alkylation of nicotine converts nicotine from an agonist into an antagonist specifically for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes mediating nicotine-evoked dopamine release. Conformationally restricted analogs exhibit both high affinity and selectivity at this site, and are able to access the brain due to their ability to act as substrates for the blood-brain barrier choline transporter.
1. A method of treating a dopamine mediated disease state comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one nicotine antagonist having the formula
wherein:
Rings 1 and 2 are pyridinium;
R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 are each independently selected from hydrogen; alkyl; and substituted alkyl;
R 1 is selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, substituted arylalkynyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, alkoxy, alkylamine, thioalkyl; and
X is selected from Cl, Br, I, HSO 4 , ½SO 2 , CH 3 SO 3 , p-TsO, CF 3 SO 3 and any ion that completes the salt form of the nicotine antagonist; and enantomers, diastereomers and racemic mixes thereof,
wherein the nicotine antagonist binds to nAChR and inhibits release of dopamine.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the dopamine mediated disease state is selected from the group consisting of myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, eating disorders, and drug addiction.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said drug addiction is to a drug selected from the group consisting of nicotinic agonists, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, phencyclidine, opiates, barbituates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, hallucinogens and alcohol.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the composition is administered orally, transdermally, transnasally, rectally, sublinguinally, subdermally, intraocularly or via smokeless inhalation.
5. A method of treating drug addiction in a patient comprising administering to the patient an effective amount of a composition comprising at least one nicotine antagonist having the formula
wherein:
Rings 1 and 2 are pyridinium;
R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 are each independently selected from hydrogen; alkyl and substituted alkyl;
R 1 is selected from alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, substituted arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, substituted arylalkynyl, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, alkoxy, alkylamine, thioalkyl; and
X is selected from Cl, Br, I, HSO 4 , ½SO 2 , CH 3 SO 3 , p-TsO, CF 3 SO 3 and any ion that completes the salt form of the nicotine antagonist; and enantomers, diastereomers and racemic mixes thereof,
wherein the nicotine antagonist binds to nAChR and inhibits the release of dopamine.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said drug addiction is an addiction to nicotinic agonists.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to alcohol.
8. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to cannabinoids.
9. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to cocaine.
10. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to amphetamines.
11. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to opiates.
12. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to barbituates.
13. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to phencyclidine.
14. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to hallucinogens.
15. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to benzodiazepines.
16. The method of claim 5 wherein the drug addiction is an addiction to caffeine.