Surgical tether apparatus and methods of use

1. A method for controlling flexion in a spinal segment of a patient, said method comprising:

performing a spinal fusion procedure on a pair of adjacent vertebrae in the spinal segment, wherein the pair of adjacent vertebrae comprises a superior vertebra and an inferior vertebra, the superior vertebra having a spinous process with a superior surface and the inferior vertebra having a spinous process with an inferior surface;

implanting a constraint device into the patient, wherein the step of implanting comprises coupling the constraint device with the spinal segment, wherein the constraint device comprises at least one compliance member and at least one tether, wherein the compliance member comprises an elastic member; and

adjusting length or tension in the constraint device so that the constraint device provides an elastic force resistant to flexion of the fused spinal segment, and

wherein the constraint device modulates loads borne by the fused spinal segment or tissue adjacent thereto, and

wherein the at least one tether further comprises an upper tether portion and a lower tether portion, wherein the at least one compliance member is coupled therebetween, and

wherein the step of coupling comprises engaging the upper tether portion with the superior surface and engaging the lower tether portion with the inferior surface or a sacrum.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the length or tension is adjusted to a desired value.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the length or tension is adjusted to encourage the fusion to form in a position consistent with the natural lordotic curve of the patient.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of performing the spinal fusion procedure comprises at least one of posterior or lateral grafting of the adjacent vertebrae.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of performing the spinal fusion procedure comprises posterolateral grafting of the adjacent vertebrae.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of performing the spinal fusion procedure comprises intervertebral grafting in a disc space between the pair of adjacent vertebrae.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein intervertebral grafting comprises applying bone grafting material to a superior spinous process and an inferior spinous process.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of performing the spinal fusion procedure comprises implanting a first prosthesis into the patient, the first prosthesis engaged with at least a portion of the spinal segment, wherein the constraint device modulates loads borne by the first prosthesis or tissue adjacent thereto.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein implanting the first prosthesis comprises positioning an intervertebral device between the pair of adjacent vertebrae, the intervertebral device configured to maintain alignment and distance between the pair of adjacent vertebrae during the development of arthrodesis.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the intervertebral device comprises an interbody fusion cage.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein implanting the first prosthesis comprises positioning bone grafting material between the pair of adjacent vertebrae.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein implanting the first prosthesis further comprises positioning an interbody fusion cage between the pair of adjacent vertebrae, the fusion cage configured to maintain alignment and distance between the pair of adjacent vertebrae during the development of arthrodesis.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the bone grafting material is selected from the group consisting of an allograft, an autograft, a synthetic graft and a xenograft.

14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first prosthesis or the constraint device comprises a therapeutic agent adapted to modify tissue in the spinal segment.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the therapeutic agent comprises a bone morphogenetic protein.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein implanting the constraint device comprises engaging the constraint device with the superior spinous process and the inferior spinous process or sacrum without implanting a prosthesis directly in an interspinous region extending between an inferior surface of the superior spinous process and a superior surface of the inferior spinous process or the sacrum.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting the constraint device comprises:

piercing an interspinous ligament to form a penetration superior to a superior surface of the superior spinous process; and

advancing the upper tether portion through the penetration.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting the constraint device comprises:

advancing the upper tether portion through a gap between the superior spinous process and an adjacent spinous process created by surgical removal of an interspinous ligament therefrom.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting the constraint device comprises:

piercing an interspinous ligament to form a penetration inferior to the inferior surface of the inferior spinous process; and

advancing the lower tether portion through the penetration.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of implanting the constraint device comprises:

advancing the lower tether portion through a gap between the inferior spinous process and an adjacent spinous process or a sacrum, the gap created by surgical removal of an interspinous ligament therefrom.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein adjusting length or tension in the constraint device comprises adjusting the length or tension a plurality of times during treatment of the spinal segment and during or after healing of the spinal segment.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the step of adjusting comprises transcutaneously adjusting the length or tension.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the constraint device is adjusted so that the force resistant to flexion is enough so that fusion can occur between the pair of adjacent vertebrae while allowing micromotion between the pair of adjacent vertebrae.

24. The method of claim 1 , further comprising allowing extension of the spinal segment.

25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one tether is non-compliant.