The present invention relates to a fuel cell exhibiting a high performance regardless of the humidification conditions. In short, it is a fuel cell comprised of a proton-conducting electrolyte membrane sandwiched between a pair of catalyst layers, wherein a catalyst layer of at least a cathode contains a catalyst ingredient, electrolyte material, and carbon material; the carbon material is comprised of three types of materials of a catalyst-supporting carbon material supporting the catalyst ingredient, a conductivity-aiding carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient, and a gas-diffusing carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient; the catalyst layer is comprised of two phases of a catalyst aggregated phase having the catalyst-supporting carbon material supporting the catalyst ingredient and the conductivity-aiding carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient aggregated as main ingredients and a gas-diffusing carbon material aggregated phase having the gas-diffusing carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient aggregated as a main ingredient; and the catalyst aggregated phase is a continuous phase while the gas-diffusing carbon material aggregated phase is dispersed in the catalyst aggregated phase.
1. A fuel cell comprising: a proton-conducting electrolyte membrane sandwiched between a pair of catalyst layers and a separate pair of gas diffusion layers,
wherein at least a catalyst layer of a cathode comprises a catalyst ingredient, an electrolyte material, and a carbon material,
the carbon material comprising:
a catalyst-supporting carbon material supporting the catalyst ingredient,
a conductivity-aiding carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient, and
a gas-diffusing carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient; and
wherein the catalyst layer of the cathode comprises:
catalyst aggregates, each of which comprising the catalyst-supporting carbon material supporting the catalyst ingredient, the electrolyte material, and the conductivity-aiding carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient as main ingredients aggregated together, and
gas-diffusing carbon material aggregates, each of which comprising the gas-diffusing carbon material not supporting the catalyst ingredient as a main ingredient aggregated together which is free of a fluorinated compound,
wherein the catalyst aggregates connect by direct contact to form a continuous matrix, and the gas-diffusing carbon material aggregates are dispersed in the matrix of the catalyst aggregates.
2. The fuel cell as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst-supporting carbon material has a specific surface area, S BET , as determined by a BET evaluation, of 1000 m 2 /g to 4000 m 2 /g, and a ratio, S micro /S total , of a micropore surface area, S micro , of micropores having a diameter of 2 nm or less, as determined by t-plot analysis, and a total surface area, S total , of 0.5 or more.
3. The fuel cell as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the conductivity-aiding carbon material has a ratio, X/S BET , of DBP oil absorption, X (mL/100 g), and a specific surface area, S BET (m 2 /g), as determined by a BET evaluation, of 0.2 to 3.0.
4. The fuel cell as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the gas-diffusing carbon material has a ratio, X/S BET , of DBP oil absorption, X (mL/100 g), and a specific surface area, S BET (m 2 /g), as determined by a BET evaluation, of 1.0 or more.
5. The fuel cell as set forth in any one of claims 1 to 4 , wherein in a field of an area of 10 μm×10 μm at a cross-section of the catalyst layer, there is at least one gas-diffusing carbon material aggregate not supporting a catalyst ingredient having a circle equivalent diameter of 300 nm or more.