Microporous films, methods for their production, and applications thereof
The invention relates to a microporous membrane having a relatively low heat shrinkage values along planar axes of the membrane. The invention also relates to a battery separator formed by such microporous membrane, and a battery comprising such a separator. Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for making the multi-layer, microporous polyolefin membrane, a method for making a battery using such a membrane as a separator, and a method for using such a battery.
1. A multi-layer microporous membrane having a heat shrinkage ratio measured at 105° C. in the transverse direction of 1.0% or less and a rupture temperature of 180° C. or higher; wherein 1) the membrane comprises first and third microporous layers comprising polyethylene and a second microporous layer comprising polypropylene and polyethylene, the total amount of polypropylene being 2 to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the membrane, the second microporous layer being located between the first and third microporous layers and the polypropylene having an Mw≧1.1×10 6 and a ΔHm≧90 J/g or more, 2) the membrane has a Normalized Air Permeability ≦400 seconds/100 cm 3 /25 μm and satisfies A≦0.097P−I where A is the microporous membrane's Normalized Air Permeability, P is the membrane's Normalized Pin Puncture Strength, and I is 110, and 3) the second microporous layer has a thickness of 4.6% to 50% of the total thickness of the membrane.
2. The microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the transverse direction heat shrinkage ratio is 0.7% or less.
3. The microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein (a) the first and third microporous layers each contain polyethylene in an amount in the range of from 80 wt. % to 100 wt. % based on the weight of the first microporous layer, (b) the second microporous layer further comprises a second polyethylene.
4. The microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the first and third microporous layers consists essentially of polyethylene, and wherein the microporous membrane contains no more than 0.01 wt. % of inorganic species, based on the weight of the membrane.
5. The microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the first and third layers comprise outer layers of the membrane and wherein the second layer is in planar contact with both the first and third layers.
6. A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, and the multi-layer microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the microporous membrane of claim 1 separates at least the anode from the cathode.
7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the electrolyte contains lithium ions and the battery is a secondary battery.
8. The battery of claim 6 , further comprising one or more resistive and/or reactive components electrically, electrochemically, and/or electromechanically connected to the battery to form a battery system, wherein the battery is a source or sink of power to the component(s).
9. The battery system of claim 8 , wherein at least one component comprises means for moving an electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle.
10. The battery system of claim 8 , wherein the means comprise an electric motor and/or an electric motor, and the battery is electrically connected to the motor.
11. The multi-layer microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the total amount of polypropylene is 2 to 5 wt. % based on the total weight of the membrane.
12. The multi-layer microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein the multi-layer microporous membrane comprises extrudate comprising a polyolefin and a diluent.
13. The multi-layer microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein a heat shrinkage ratio measured at 105° C. in a traverse direction is 2.0% or less.
14. The multi-layer microporous membrane of claim 1 , wherein a maximum shrinkage in a molten state in a traverse direction is 20% or less.
15. A multi-layer microporous membrane having a heat shrinkage ratio measured at 105° C. in the transverse direction of 1.0% or less and a rupture temperature of 180° C. or higher; wherein 1) the membrane comprises first and third microporous layers comprising polyethylene and a second microporous layer comprising polypropylene and polyethylene, the total amount of polypropylene being 2 to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the membrane, the second microporous layer being located between the first and third microporous layers and the polypropylene having an Mw≧1.1×10 6 and a ΔHm≧90 J/g or more, 2) the membrane has a Normalized Air Permeability ≦400 seconds/100 cm 3 /25 μm and satisfies A≦0.097P−I where A is the microporous membrane's Normalized Air Permeability, P is the membrane's Normalized Pin Puncture Strength, and I is 110, 3) the second microporous layer has a thickness of 4.6% to 50% of the total thickness of the membrane; 4) a heat shrinkage ratio measured at 105° C. in a traverse direction is 2.0% or less; and 5) a maximum shrinkage in a molten state in a traverse direction is 20% or less.