Methods and systems for generating power from a turbine using pressurized nitrogen
An air separation unit is integrated with a power generating plant to improve the efficiency of power generation. The methods and systems improve the efficiency of power generation by utilizing liquid nitrogen from the air separation unit as the working fluid in a turbine. The liquid nitrogen is pressurized while in the liquid state. After warming the pressurized nitrogen stream by cooling the air for the air separator unit, the compressed nitrogen is expanded in a turbine to perform work. After expansion, the nitrogen is vented to ambient air. The nitrogen in its pressurized state can be used for energy storage and/or for smoothing out power demand on a power grid.
1. A method for efficiently generating power from a turbine using nitrogen, comprising:
providing a gas stream that includes nitrogen and oxygen;
condensing at least a portion of the nitrogen in the gas stream to form liquid nitrogen and separated liquid nitrogen;
separating at least a portion of the liquid nitrogen from the carbon dioxide and/or oxygen to produce a separated nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen and a separated oxygen-rich stream;
using the separated oxygen-rich stream in an oxy-fired hydrocarbon processing plant, gasifier or furnace to produce steam;
pressurizing the separated nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen to a pressure of at least 1.8 atmosphere;
heating the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream in a heat exchanger using a portion of the steam and further heating the nitrogen-rich stream from the heat exchanger in a furnace to form a heated nitrogen-rich stream comprised of gaseous nitrogen and having a temperature greater than 100° C.; and
expanding the heated, separated nitrogen-rich stream in a turbine to produce power.
2. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising storing the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen in a storage vessel and periodically releasing the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream from the storage vessel to produce turbine generated power.
3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the gas stream further comprises carbon dioxide, and wherein the separation step also produces a carbon dioxide-rich stream, the method further comprising collecting at least a portion of the carbon dioxide-rich stream.
4. A method as in claim 1 , further comprising collecting at least a portion of flue gas from the oxy-fired hydrocarbon processing plant and sequestering carbon dioxide therein.
5. A method as in claim 1 , wherein after expanding the heated nitrogen in the turbine, the nitrogen is vented into ambient air.
6. A method as in claim 1 , wherein a pressure ratio across the turbine is in a range from about 2 atmospheres to about 100 atmospheres.
7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein a pressure ratio across the turbine is in a range from about 5 atmospheres to about 80 atmospheres.
8. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen-rich stream is heated to a temperature in a range from about 150° C. to about 800° C.
9. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen-rich stream is heated to a temperature in a range from about 200° C. to about 600° C.
10. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the nitrogen-rich stream is less than 10% by weight.
11. A method as in claim 1 , wherein storing at least a portion of the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream in the storage vessel occurs during a period of low power demand, and wherein releasing at least a portion of the stored pressurized nitrogen-rich material from the storage vessel occurs during a period of high power demand.
12. A system for efficiently generating power from a turbine using a pressurized nitrogen-rich stream, comprising:
a stationary power generating plant comprising:
oxy-fired hydrocarbon processing unit, gasifier or furnace configured to generate steam;
a turbine to generate power;
a heat exchanger configured to receive a portion of the steam;
a condenser configured to condense nitrogen in a gas stream containing nitrogen and oxygen and from liquid nitrogen;
a separator configured to separate at least a portion of the liquid nitrogen from the oxygen and produce a nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen and a separated oxygen-rich stream;
a conduit for delivering the separated oxygen-rich stream in the oxy-fired hydrocarbon processing unit, gasifier or furnace;
a pump fluidly coupled to the nitrogen-rich stream from the separator and configured to pressurize the nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen to at least 1.8 atmospheres;
a conduit for delivering at least a portion of the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream from the pump to a pressurized storage vessel configured for storage and periodic release of pressurized nitrogen-rich material;
a conduit for delivering a pressurized nitrogen-rich material to the heat exchanger, wherein the heat exchanger is configured to transfer heat from the steam to the pressurized nitrogen-rich material;
a furnace configured to further heat the pressurized nitrogen-rich material from the heat exchanger to form a heated nitrogen-rich stream comprised of gaseous nitrogen to a temperature greater than 100° C.; and
a conduit for delivering the heated nitrogen-rich stream to the turbine.
13. A system as in claim 12 , further comprising a heat exchanger configured to cool air using the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream.
14. A method as in claim 12 , wherein the pump is configured to pressurize the nitrogen-rich stream comprised of liquid nitrogen to a pressure in a range from about 5 atmospheres to about 80 atmospheres.
15. A system as in claim 12 , wherein the system is configured to vent nitrogen expanded in the turbine to ambient air.
16. A system as in claim 12 , further comprising a steam powered turbine configured to generate power using steam in a closed loop system, wherein the closed loop system produces waste heat and wherein the system is configured so that the waste heat is used to heat the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream prior to heating the pressurized nitrogen-rich stream in the furnace.
17. A system as in claim 12 , further comprising an intermittent power source electrically coupled to the pump that pressurizes the liquid nitrogen-rich stream.
18. A system as in claim 17 , wherein the intermittent power source comprises at least one windmill or solar panel.