Apparatus and method for continuous noninvasive measurement of respiratory function and events
An apparatus and method for non-invasive and continuous measurement of respiratory chamber volume and associated parameters including respiratory rate, respiratory rhythm, tidal volume, dielectric variability and respiratory congestion. In particular, a non-invasive apparatus and method for determining dynamic and structural physiologic data from a living subject including a change in the spatial configuration of a respiratory chamber, a lung or a lobe of a lung to determine overall respiratory health comprising an ultra wide-band radar system having at least one transmitting and receiving antenna for applying ultra wide-band radio signals to a target area of the subject's anatomy wherein the receiving antenna collects and transmits signal returns from the target area.
1. An apparatus for determining a change in the dielectric or spatial configurations of multiple portions of a lung or lungs of a patient by interrogating the portions of the lung or lungs with electromagnetic energy, comprising:
a plurality of antennas adapted to be worn by the patient and located adjacent different portions of the lung; and
a plurality of sensing units each configured to resolve a change in reflected signals, wherein said sensing units are configured to examine an interrogation volume smaller than a lung, and to resolve a change in reflected signals that is functionally related to a change in respiratory volume in a portion of the lung, wherein each of the sensing units comprises:
an ultra wide-band (UWB) medical radar transceiver configured to transmit UWB electromagnetic energy towards the portion of lung and to receive reflections of the UWB electromagnetic energy that are reflected back towards the UWB medical radar transceiver after encountering the portion of lung; and
a high speed sample and hold circuit configured to capture said reflections based on a round trip time of flight of the reflections from the UWB medical radar transceiver; and
a central processing unit configured to compare information received from each sensing unit to determine differences between different portions of the lung,
wherein each of the one or more sensing units transmits information about the portions of the lung determined from the sensing unit based on the round trip time of flight,
further wherein each sensing unit is configured to independently monitor and transmit data about different portions of the lung.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein each of said sensing units of the apparatus is configured to be located external to the body and to contact the skin of the patient.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein each of said sensing units further comprises:
a substrate and at least two antennae mounted to said substrate in a pattern and
wherein the sensing unit is capable of both transmitting and receiving radiofrequency signals.
4. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitted UWB electromagnetic energy has a frequency band extending within 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, ensuring compliance with applicable FCC regulations.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said at least one of said antennas is adapted to be located in close proximity to the sternum within a three centimeter radius of a center of the sternum so as to simultaneously collect reflected signals caused by the beating of the heart and internal movement derivative of respiration.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the sensing units is configured to integrate said reflections to form an integrated signal to minimize high frequency noise so as to avoid corruption of desired data related to tracking instantaneous respiratory chamber volume.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein each of the sensing units is configured to amplify said integrated signal and pass said amplified signal through a low-pass filter to prevent signal aliasing prior to digitization.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the sensing units is configured to receive reflections from moving boundaries within a target portion of a lung that move with respect to said UWB medical radar transceiver, producing a complex series of time-varying reflections, and wherein said complex series of time-varying reflections are continually processed by said sensing unit to extract information on the mechanical activity of at least one portion of a lung.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the sensing units is configured to determine dielectric values of one or more portions of the lung from the reflections of the electromagnetic energy.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensing units are configured to be positioned over a plurality of locations on the torso of the patient to determine a relative contribution to changes in the spatial configuration of the lung from chest breathing and abdominal breathing.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensing units are positioned over each of the five lung lobes.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the central processing unit is configured to compare portions of the lung and to present an output indicating a blockage in a region of the lung.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensing units are disposed on a wearable vest.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 , further wherein the apparatus determines a pattern of motion of the portion of the lung based on changes in distances of the portion of the lungs over time.
15. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the high speed sample and hold circuit is part of the UWB medical radar transceiver.
16. An apparatus for determining changes in dielectric or spatial configuration of multiple, different portions of a patient's lungs by interrogating the different portions of the lungs with electromagnetic energy, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of antennas each adapted to be worn by the patient and located against the patient; and
a plurality of sensing units configured to resolve movements of different portions of a patient's lungs, wherein each of the sensing units is configured to examine an interrogation volume smaller than a lung and comprises:
an ultra wide-band (UWB) medical radar transceiver coupled to one or more of the antennas and configured to transmit ultra wide-band electromagnetic energy towards one of the portions of lung and to receive reflections of the electromagnetic energy that are reflected back towards the UWB medical radar transceiver after encountering the one of the portions of lung, and
a high speed sample and hold circuit configured to capture said reflections based on a round trip time of flight of the reflections from the UWB medical radar transceiver; and
a central processing unit configured to compare information received from each sensing unit to determine differences in the relative motion between different portions of the lungs,
wherein each of the sensing units transmits information about the portion of the lungs determined from the sensing unit based on the round trip time of flight of the reflections,
further wherein each sensing unit is configured to independently monitor and transmit data about different portions of the lung.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 , further wherein the apparatus determines differences in patterns of motion between the different portions of the lungs based on the changes in the reflections due to changes in the different portions of the lungs over time.