Ultrasound apparatuses for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation
Methods and apparatus are provided for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation. Thermally-induced renal neuromodulation may be achieved via direct and/or via indirect application of thermal energy to heat or cool neural fibers that contribute to renal function, or of vascular structures that feed or perfuse the neural fibers. In some embodiments, parameters of the neural fibers, of non-target tissue, or of the thermal energy delivery element, may be monitored via one or more sensors for controlling the thermally-induced neuromodulation. In some embodiments, protective elements may be provided to reduce a degree of thermal damage induced in the non-target tissues.
1. An ultrasound apparatus for thermally-induced renal neuromodulation, the apparatus comprising:
a catheter sized and shaped for delivery within a blood vessel to a vicinity of neural fibers that contribute to renal function;
an ultrasound transducer carried by the catheter, wherein the ultrasound transducer is configured to transmit ultrasound energy waves to target renal neural fibers outside of the blood vessel to thermally induce modulation of target neural fibers while protecting non-target tissue in the blood vessel wall from thermal injury; and
an expandable member carried by a distal region of the catheter,
wherein the expandable member is configured to vary between a reduced configuration for delivery and retrieval and an expanded deployed configuration, and
wherein the ultrasound transducer is positioned on a shaft of the catheter and within the expandable member.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the expandable member comprises an inflatable balloon.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the balloon comprises an acoustically transmissive portion configured to allow passage of the ultrasound energy waves to the target neural fibers.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the balloon further comprises an acoustically reflective portion configured to reflect ultrasound energy waves via the acoustically transmissive portion to the target neural fibers.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein:
the ultrasound transducer comprises a first ultrasound transducer configured to deliver a first ultrasound energy wave, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a second ultrasound transducer configured to produce a second ultrasound energy wave; and
the acoustically reflective portion and the acoustically transmissive portion are configured to transmit the first and second ultrasound energy waves to a focal distance point proximate to the target neural fibers.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the balloon is configured to transmit the first and second ultrasound energy waves to the focal distance point via different transmission paths.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein expansion of the balloon is calibrated to dynamically vary the focal distance point.
8. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the ultrasound transducer comprises a concave transducer configured to self-focus the ultrasound energy wave to the target neural fibers.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an ultrasound signal generator operatively connected to the ultrasound transducer, and wherein the ultrasound signal generator is configured to deliver thermal neuromodulation therapy via the ultrasound transducer to the target neural fibers.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a temperature sensor.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein a reverse thermal gradient is produced when the ultrasound transducer transmits focused ultrasound energy waves to the target renal neural fibers outside of the blood vessel, and wherein the reverse thermal gradient results in a temperature at a wall of the blood vessel wall being less than a temperature at the target neural fibers.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an imaging transducer.