Method of making ketals and acetals
The reaction of alcohols with oxocarboxylates to form acetals or ketals is catalyzed by unexpectedly low levels of protic acids. By employing low acid catalyst levels compared to amounts conventionally used, rapid formation of acetal or ketal is facilitated while the formation of oxocarboxylate esters is minimized. Further employing a significant molar excess of oxocarboxylate in conjunction with low acid catalyst level gives rise to the rapid and clean formation of acetals and ketals from oxocarboxylates and alcohols.
1. A method of preparing a compound of formula (3)
wherein
R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently hydrogen, a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a linear alkenyl group, a branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, an aryl group, or alkaryl group, each of which groups optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, halogen atoms, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus;
R 4 is a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a linear alkenyl group, a branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, an aryl group, or alkaryl group, each of which groups optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, halogen atoms, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus;
a is 0 or an integer from 1 to 12;
b is 0 or an integer; and
R 5 is a residue of a polymeric polyol, a hydroxyl functionalized surface, a silane, a siloxane, a silanol, or a hydrocarbon group having the formula:
wherein c is 0 or 1 and R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently hydrogen, a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a linear alkenyl group, a branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkaryl group, each of which groups optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms;
the method comprising:
a) providing a reaction mixture comprising
i. a compound of formula (2)
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and a are as defined above,
ii. a compound of formula (4)
wherein R 5 and b are as defined above, and
iii. 1×10 −6 to 1×10 −3 molar equivalents, based on moles of compound (4), of an acid catalyst; and
b) reacting compounds (2) and (4);
wherein less than 5% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification reaction, as measured by GC-MS.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound (2) is provided at 2.5 molar equivalents or greater based on moles of compound (4).
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing water.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting comprises heating the reaction mixture at a temperature and pressure sufficient to distill water, a water co-distillate, or a water-containing azeotrope.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising
neutralizing the acid catalyst by adding a neutralizing agent to the reaction mixture, the neutralizing agent comprising a metal oxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal hydroxide, or an anion exchange resin, and
subsequently separating compound (3) from the neutralized reaction mixture.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid catalyst is provided at 1×10 ×6 to 1×10 −4 molar equivalents based on moles of compound (4).
7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising separating the compound (3) from the reaction mixture by distillation, wherein the separating is carried out without neutralization or removal of the acid catalyst.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid catalyst is provided at 1×10 −5 to 1×10 −4 molar equivalents based on moles of compound (4).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid catalyst comprises a solid support comprising sulfonic acid groups covalently bonded to the solid support, the solid support comprising crosslinked styrene-divinyl benzene resin.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least about 95% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (2) is ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate.
12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (4) is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (2) is ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate; the compound of formula (4) is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol and the ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate is present in an amount from about 3 to about 6 molar equivalents, based on moles of glycerol.
14. A method of preparing a compound of formula (3)
wherein
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently hydrogen, a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a linear alkenyl group, a branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkaryl group, each of which groups optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, halogen atoms, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus;
a is 0 or an integer from 1 to 12;
b is 0 or an integer; and
R 5 is a residue of a polymeric polyol, a hydroxyl functionalized surface, a silane, a siloxane, a silanol, or a hydrocarbon group having the formula
wherein c is 0 or 1, and R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently hydrogen, a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, a cyclic alkyl group, a linear alkenyl group, a branched alkenyl group, a cyclic alkenyl group, an aryl group, or an alkaryl group, each of which groups optionally comprises one or more heteroatoms independently chosen from oxygen, nitrogen, halogen atoms, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus;
the method comprising:
a) providing a reaction mixture comprising
i. about 2.5 molar equivalents or greater, based on moles of compound (4), of a compound of formula (2)
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and a are as defined above, and
ii. about 1 molar equivalent of a compound of formula (4)
wherein R 5 and b are as defined above, and
iii. 1×10 −6 to 5×10 −3 molar equivalents of an acid catalyst based on moles of compound (4); and
b) reacting compounds (2) and (4),
wherein less than 5% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification reaction as measured by GC-MS.
15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising removing water.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the reacting comprises heating the reaction mixture at a temperature and pressure sufficient to distill water, a water co-distillate, or a water-containing azeotrope.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising
neutralizing the acid catalyst by adding a neutralizing agent to the reaction mixture, the neutralizing agent comprising a metal oxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal hydroxide, or an anion exchange resin, and
subsequently separating compound (3) from the neutralized reaction mixture.
18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the acid catalyst is provided at 1×10 −6 to 1×10 −4 molar equivalents based on moles of compound (4).
19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising separating the compound (3) from the reaction mixture by distillation, wherein the separating is carried out without neutralization or removal of the acid catalyst.
20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the acid catalyst is provided at 1×10 −5 to 1×10 −4 molar equivalents based on moles of compound (4).
21. The method of claim 14 , wherein the acid catalyst comprises a solid support comprising sulfonic acid groups covalently bonded to the solid support, the solid support comprising crosslinked styrene-divinyl benzene resin.
22. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least about 95% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS.
23. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compound of formula (2) is ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate.
24. The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound of formula (4) is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol.
25. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compound of formula (2) is ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate; the compound of formula (4) is glycerol or 1,2-propanediol and the ethyl levulinate or butyl levulinate is present in an amount from about 3.5 to about 6 molar equivalents, based on moles of glycerol.
26. A method of preparing a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or an ester thereof, the method comprising:
a. providing a reaction mixture comprising
i. glycerol,
ii. about 2.5 to 5 molar equivalents, based on moles of glycerol, of an alkyl levulinate selected from the group consisting of ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate, and
iii. 1×10 −6 to 1×10 −3 molar equivalents, based on moles of glycerol, of an acid catalyst selected from sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, and a sulfonic acid; and
b. collecting a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or ester thereof;
wherein less than 5% of the alkyl levulinate undergoes an esterification or transesterification reaction, as determined by GC-MS.
27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising, prior to collecting the cyclic ketal,
heating the reaction mixture to about 80° C. to 140° C.;
adjusting the pressure of the reaction mixture to about 10 to 50 Torr;
distilling a codistillate comprising water, levulinate ester, and ethanol for a period of about 10 to 60 minutes; and
removing excess levulinate ester by distillation.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the alkyl levulinate is ethyl levulinate and the temperature is between about 90° C. and 120° C.
29. The method of claim 27 , further comprising adding a neutralizing agent to the reaction mixture prior to distilling, the neutralizing agent comprising a metal oxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal hydroxide, or an anion exchange resin.
30. A method of preparing a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or an ester thereof with a polyol, the method comprising:
a. providing a reaction mixture comprising
i. 1,2-propanediol;
ii. about 2.5 to 5 molar equivalents, based on moles of 1,2-propanediol, of an alkyl levulinate selected from the group consisting of ethyl levulinate and butyl levulinate, and
iii. 1×10 −6 to 1×10 −3 molar equivalents, based on moles of 1,2-propanediol, of an acid catalyst selected from sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, and a sulfonic acid; and
b. collecting a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or ester thereof;
wherein less than 5% of the alkyl levulinate undergoes an esterification or transesterification reaction, as determined by GC-MS.
31. The method of claim 30 , further comprising, prior to collecting the cyclic ketal,
heating the reaction mixture to about 80° C. to 140° C.;
adjusting the pressure of the reaction mixture to about 10 to 50 Torr;
distilling a codistillate comprising water, levulinate ester, and ethanol for a period of about 10 to 60 minutes; and
removing excess levulinate ester by distillation.
32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the alkyl levulinate is ethyl levulinate and the temperature is between about 90° C. and 120° C.
33. The method of claim 31 , further comprising adding a neutralizing agent to the reaction mixture prior to distilling, the neutralizing agent comprising a metal oxide, a metal carbonate, a metal phosphate, a metal hydroxide, or an anion exchange resin.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein less than 2% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
35. The method of claim 1 , wherein less than 1% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
36. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least about 95% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 2 hours.
37. The method of claim 10 , wherein at least about 98% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 30 minutes.
38. The method of claim 14 , wherein less than 2% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
39. The method of claim 14 , wherein less than 1% of compound (2) undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
40. The method of claim 14 , wherein at least about 95% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 4 hours.
41. The method of claim 21 , wherein at least about 98% of compound (4) is converted to compound (3) as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 2 hours.
42. The method of claim 26 , wherein less than 2% of the alkyl levulinate undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
43. The method of claim 26 , wherein less than 1% of the alkyl levulinate undergoes an esterification or transesterification, as measured by GC-MS.
44. The method of claim 26 , wherein at least about 95% of glycerol is converted to a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or ester thereof as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 2 hours.
45. The method of claim 26 , wherein at least about 98% of glycerol is converted to a cyclic ketal of levulinic acid or ester thereof as measured by GC-MS over a period equal to or less than 30 minutes.
46. The method of claim 26 , wherein the acid catalyst is sulfuric acid or sulfamic acid.