Preparation of flow cell battery electrolytes from raw materials
A method for preparing a redox flow battery electrolyte is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the processing of raw materials that include sources of chromium ions and/or iron ions. The method further comprises the removal of impurities such as metal ions from those raw materials. In some embodiments, an ammonium salt may be used to remove metal impurities from an aqueous mixture of chromium ions and/or iron ions. Further provided is a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrolyte prepared from the above-identified methods.
1. A method for preparing a redox flow cell battery electrolyte, comprising:
mixing a raw material comprising a transition metal and at least one ionic impurity, in at least one first aqueous acid to form a mixture comprising ions of the transition metal and at least one ionic impurity, wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium, iron, and a combination thereof;
subjecting the mixture to at least one ammonium salt, wherein at least one ionic impurity precipitates out of the mixture;
removing at least a portion of the precipitates from the mixture, to form a partially purified mixture of ions of the transition metal;
treating the partially purified mixture with ammonia, wherein at least a portion of ions of the transition metal in the partially purified mixture precipitate in the form of oxide and/or hydroxide salts;
removing at least a portion of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture; and
at least partially solubilizing the oxide and/or hydroxide salts by mixing the ions of the transition metal, in the form of oxide and/or hydroxide salts, in at least one second aqueous acid to form the electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising crystallizing an ammonium salt solution remaining after removal of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture to form recycled ammonium salt.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising using the recycled ammonium salt as a portion of the at least one ammonium salt to effect the precipitation of the at least one ionic impurity.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing at least a portion of the precipitates from the mixture comprises removing the precipitates by filtration.
5. The method of claim 1 , removing at least a portion of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture comprises removing the precipitates by filtration.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing a raw material in at least one first aqueous acid further comprises adding elemental iron or an iron-containing alloy to the at least one first aqueous acid.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least partially solubilizing the oxide and/or hydroxide salts by mixing the ions of the transition metal in at least one second aqueous acid to form the electrolyte further comprises adding elemental iron to the at least one second aqueous acid.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first aqueous acid comprises sulfuric acid.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second aqueous acid comprises hydrochloric acid.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity comprises ions of at least one of copper, silver, tungsten, tin, lead, indium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, thalium, cadmium, or noble metals.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity comprises nickel ions, cobalt ions, or copper ions.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity is nickel ions.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the raw material comprises chrome ores, partially-reduced chrome ores, ferrochrome ores, iron metal or chromium metal.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing the electrolyte into a redox flow cell battery.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding FeCl 2 to the electrolyte to adjust a concentration of iron in the electrolyte and adding CrCl 3 to the electrolyte to adjust a concentration of chromium in the electrolyte.
16. A method for purifying a raw material comprising a transition metal and at least one ionic impurity, comprising:
mixing the raw material in at least one first aqueous acid to form a mixture comprising ions of the transition metal and at least one ionic impurity, wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of chromium, iron, and a combination thereof;
subjecting the mixture to at least one ammonium salt, wherein at least one ionic impurity precipitates out of the mixture;
removing at least a portion of the precipitates from the mixture, to form a partially purified mixture of ions of the transition metal;
treating the partially purified mixture with ammonia, wherein at least a portion of ions of the transition metal in the partially purified mixture precipitate in the form of oxide and/or hydroxide salts; and
removing at least a portion of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising crystallizing an ammonium salt solution remaining after removal of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture to form recycled ammonium salt.
18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising using the recycled ammonium salt as a portion of the at least one ammonium salt to effect the precipitation of the at least one ionic impurity.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein removing at least a portion of the precipitates from the mixture comprises removing the precipitates by filtration.
20. The method of claim 16 , removing at least a portion of the precipitated oxide and/or hydroxide salts from the partially purified mixture comprises removing the precipitates by filtration.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein mixing a raw material in at least one first aqueous acid further comprises adding elemental iron or an iron-containing alloy to the at least one first aqueous acid.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least partially solubilizing the oxide and/or hydroxide salts by mixing the ions of the transition metal in at least one second aqueous acid to form the electrolyte further comprises adding elemental iron to the at least one second aqueous acid.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first aqueous acid comprises sulfuric acid.
24. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity comprises ions of copper, silver, tungsten, tin, lead, indium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, thalium, cadmium, or noble metals.
25. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity comprises nickel ions, cobalt ions, or copper ions.
26. The method of claim 16 , wherein the at least one ionic impurity is nickel ions.
27. The method of claim 16 , wherein the raw material comprises chrome ores, partially-reduced chrome ores, ferrochrome ores, iron metal or chromium metal.