Device including altered microorganisms, and methods and systems of use

1. An implantable device, comprising:

at least one semi-permeable barrier of a polymer film or thermoplastic hollow fibers substantially enclosing at least one first auxotrophic microorganism and at least one second auxotrophic microorganism, the at least one first auxotrophic microorganism including at least one nucleic acid construct encoding at least one first vaccine therapeutic agent and located in a first compartment, the barrier defining an interior region and exterior region; and a peristaltic pump for dispensing the at least one first vaccine therapeutic agent; wherein the device includes at least one metabolite required by at least one auxotrophic microorganism; and the at least one second auxotrophic microorganism including at least one nucleic acid construct encoding at least one second vaccine and located in a second compartment; wherein the first and second compartments are configured to release the first vaccine prior to the second vaccine.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metabolite required by at least one auxotrophic microorganism resides on the surface of the semi-permeable barrier.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metabolite required by at least one auxotrophic microorganism is located in a compartment configured to dispense the at least one metabolite to the interior region of the at least one semi-permeable barrier.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metabolite required by at least one auxotrophic microorganism is embedded in the at least one semi-permeable barrier.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one metabolite required by at least one auxotrophic microorganism is released as at least a portion of the at least one semi-permeable barrier degrades.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metabolite includes at least one energy source, nutrient, or other metabolic pathway requirement.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one semi-permeable barrier is structured to facilitate egress of the at least one therapeutic agent.

8. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one tissue-anchoring component.

9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the at least one tissue-anchoring component includes at least one latch, hook or tether.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one auxotrophic microorganism includes at least one population of auxotrophic microorganisms.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier includes a bone cage.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier includes a diatom cage.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier includes at least one component configured to selectively limit access between the interior and the exterior of the barrier.

14. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one sensor.

15. The device of claim 14 , wherein the at least one sensor is configured to sense at least one biological cell or material.

16. The device of claim 14 , wherein the at least one sensor is located in the interior of the semi-permeable barrier.

17. The device of claim 14 , wherein the at least one sensor is located exterior to the semi-permeable barrier.

18. The device of claim 14 , wherein the at least one sensor includes an optical density sensor.

19. The device of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier is configured to actively or passively transfer at least a portion of the at least one therapeutic agent to the exterior of the barrier.

20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier is configured to actively or passively transfer at least a portion of the at least one therapeutic agent based on at least one chemical gradient.

21. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one semi-permeable barrier includes at least one of an emulsion, lipid, dispersion, or micelle.

22. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one semi-permeable barrier includes one or more cells.

23. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one semi-permeable barrier includes one or more cell junctions.

24. The device of claim 1 , wherein the semi-permeable barrier is at least one of expandable, compressible, rigid, or pliable.

25. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one detection material.

26. The device of claim 25 , wherein the at least one detection material includes at least one of a contrast agent, or electronic identification device.

27. The device of claim 26 , wherein the at least one electronic identification device includes at least one radio frequency identification device.

28. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one transmitter.

29. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one receiver.

30. The device of claim 1 , further including at least one circuit.

31. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one auxotrophic microorganism includes at least one inducible genetic element configured to initiate death of at least one auxotrophic microorganism.

32. The device of claim 31 , wherein the at least one inducible genetic element includes at least one of a nuclease gene or lysise gene E.

33. The device of claim 31 , wherein the at least one inducible genetic element includes at least one of extracellular death factor, mazF, or mazEF.

34. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one auxotrophic microorganism includes at least one of a prokaryote or eukaryote.

35. The device of claim 1 , wherein at least one auxotrophic microorganism includes at least one of bacteria, fungi, or protozoa.

36. The device of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device is configured to be implanted into at least one biological tissue or organ of a subject.

37. The device of claim 36 , wherein the subject includes at least one of a vertebrate or invertebrate.

38. The device of claim 36 , wherein the subject includes at least one of a mammal, bird, fish, reptile, or amphibian.

39. The device of claim 36 , wherein the subject includes a human.

40. The device of claim 36 , wherein the subject includes a plant.

41. The device of claim 1 , wherein the implantable device is configured to be implanted in at least one body cavity of a subject.

42. The device of claim 41 , wherein the at least one body cavity includes at least one of an otic cavity, oral cavity, vaginal cavity, anal cavity, nasal cavity, esophagus, or eyelid.

43. The device of claim 41 , wherein the at least one body cavity includes the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.

44. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nucleic acid construct includes at least one regulatory element.

45. The device of claim 44 , wherein the at least one regulatory element includes at least one of a promoter, enhancer, or repressor.

46. The device of claim 44 , wherein the at least one regulatory element is regulated by at least one inducer.

47. The device of claim 46 , wherein the at least one inducer includes at least one quorum-sensing molecule.

48. The device of claim 1 , further including one or more micro-gears operably coupled to the peristaltic pump.

49. The device of claim 1 , further including at least two semi-permeable barriers, wherein the at least two semi-permeable barriers include different pore sizes.