Instrumented fluid-surfaced electrode
An electrochemical device (such as a battery) includes at least one electrode having a fluid surface and one or more sensors configured to detect an operating condition of the device. Fluid-directing structures may modulate flow or retain fluid in response to the sensors. An electrolyte within the device may also include an ion-transport fluid, for example infiltrated into a porous solid support.
1. An electrochemical device, comprising:
two electrodes;
an electrolyte that conducts an ionic current from a first electrolyte surface in contact with one of the electrodes to a second electrolyte surface in contact with another of the electrodes,
a first sensor located at an interface between one of the electrodes and the electrolyte, which first sensor detects an operating condition of the electrochemical device; wherein
at least one of the electrodes is a fluid-surfaced electrode including an electrochemically active fluid layer disposed over a solid support, a surface of the electrochemically active fluid layer being in direct physical contact with the electrolyte; and
the solid support includes an electrical control region separating two electrically distinct regions of the at least one fluid-surfaced electrode.
2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electric control region includes a passive element.
3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electric control region includes a diode.
4. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electric control region includes an element selected from the group consisting of a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a diode, a transistor, an integrated circuit, a switch, and a memory.
5. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the first sensor detects an operating condition of the electrochemical device localized at the interface at the surface of the electrochemically active fluid layer in contact with the electrolyte.
6. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , further comprising a controller that responds to a signal from the first sensor by modifying an operating parameter of the electrochemical device.
7. The electrochemical device of claim 6 , wherein the controller includes a memory.
8. The electrochemical device of claim 6 , wherein the controller includes a transmitter.
9. The electrochemical device of claim 6 , wherein the controller that responds to a history of signals from the first sensor by modifying the operating parameter of the electrochemical device.
10. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , further comprising a second sensor that detects an operating condition of the electrochemical device.
11. The electrochemical device of claim 10 , wherein the first and second sensors detect different operating conditions.
12. The electrochemical device of claim 10 , wherein the first and second sensors detect the same operating condition.
13. The electrochemical device of claim 12 , wherein the first and second sensors are configured to detect the operating condition at different locations within the device.
14. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is a condition of the electrochemically active fluid layer selected from the group consisting of chemical composition, chemical activity, ion density, density, temperature, flow velocity, flow direction, viscosity, and surface tension.
15. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is selected from the group consisting of temperature, magnetic field magnitude, magnetic field direction, electrochemical potential, current, current density, and distance between two surfaces of the device.
16. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is a position of a portion of a surface of the electrochemically active fluid layer.
17. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is a gradient of a condition of the electrochemically active fluid layer selected from the group consisting of chemical composition, ion density, density, temperature, flow velocity, flow direction, viscosity, and surface tension.
18. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is a gradient of a condition selected from the group consisting of temperature, magnetic field magnitude, magnetic field direction, electrochemical potential, current, and distance between two surfaces of the device.
19. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the operating condition is a local slope of a surface of the electrochemically active fluid layer relative to a component of the device.
20. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active fluid layer clings to the solid support by a surface energy effect.
21. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the solid support includes a fluid-directing structure.
22. The electrochemical device of claim 21 , wherein the fluid-directing structure adjusts a flow parameter of the electrochemically active fluid layer in response to an operating condition detected by the first sensor and a controller.
23. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte conducts an ionic current from the second electrolyte surface to the first electrolyte surface.
24. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the solid support includes a solid surface impervious to the electrochemically active fluid.
25. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte includes an ion-transport fluid through which an ion can move to produce the ionic current.
26. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active fluid layer includes a liquid metal, an ionic fluid, a finely dispersed metal, a finely dispersed semi-metal, a finely dispersed semiconductor, or a finely dispersed dielectric.