High energy proton or neutron source

1. A compact apparatus for generating nuclear particles, comprising:

an ion source, the ion source configured to produce an ion beam;

an accelerator operatively coupled to the ion source to define an accelerator/ion source region, the accelerator operating at a vacuum pressure and configured to receive the ion beam and accelerate the ion beam to yield an accelerated ion beam; and

a gaseous target system operatively coupled to the accelerator, the target system comprising a target chamber operating at a gas pressure within a range of about 1 to about 100 torr to define a higher gas pressure region and configured to contain a gaseous nuclear particle-deriving target material which is reactive with the accelerated beam to emit nuclear particles into the higher gas pressure region via a substantially constant flow of unionized gas molecules, wherein the vacuum pressure of the accelerator defines a lower gas pressure region of the accelerator, and wherein the accelerated ion beam deposits energy in the gaseous target material, and wherein the target system is substantially open to the accelerator/ion source region with no physical barrier preventing a flow of gas molecules from the higher gas pressure region of the target chamber to the lower gas pressure region of the accelerator; and

a differential pumping system configured to maintain a first pressure differential between an outside atmosphere and the ion source/accelerator region, a second pressure differential between the outside atmosphere and the target system, and a third pressure differential between the ion source/accelerator region and the target system, the differential pumping system including:

a) a first end being the accelerator/ion source region at the vacuum pressure and a second end being the target chamber at the gas pressure

b) at least one vacuum chamber connecting the first end to the second end that allows passage of the ion beam from the first end to the second end of the differential pumping system;

c) at least one vacuum pump connected to each vacuum chamber, the vacuum pump configured to exhaust into an adjacent vacuum chamber that is higher in pressure to maintain the first pressure differential and the second pressure differential and the third pressure differential.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target chamber is a magnetic target chamber comprising:

a) a top and a bottom;

b) a first magnet mounted to the top; and

c) a second magnet mounted to the bottom, the first and second magnets causing the ion beam in the target chamber to recirculate.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the target chamber is a linear target chamber.

4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the linear target chamber is operatively coupled to a high speed synchronized pump, and wherein the high speed synchronized pump comprises:

a) at least one blade;

b) at least one gap adjacent the at least one blade for allowing passage of the ion beam;

c) at least one timing signal; and

d) a controller functionally coupled to the at least one timing signal and the accelerator, the controller functioning to moderate the voltage of the accelerator for allowing passage of the ion beam to the target chamber and to prevent passage of the ion beam to the target chamber.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the ion source includes:

a) an inlet for entry of a first fluid to be ionized and an outlet;

b) a vacuum chamber including a first and a second end, the first end connected to the inlet;

c) an RF antenna operatively connected to the vacuum chamber for positively ionizing the first fluid to create the ion beam, the vacuum chamber allowing passage of the ion beam from the inlet to outlet of the ion source; and

d) an ion injector, operatively connected to the second end of the vacuum chamber, and including a first stage connected to a second stage, the first stage of the ion injector for collimating the ion beam.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the accelerator is an electrode-driven accelerator.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the accelerator includes:

a) a first end and a second end, the first end connected to the second stage of the ion injector;

b) a vacuum chamber including an interior and an exterior, extending from the first end to the second end of the accelerator, and allowing passage of the ion beam from the first end to the second end of the accelerator;

c) at least two acceleration electrodes spaced along and each penetrating the chamber interior, to create an electric field with voltage decreasing from the first end to the second end of the accelerator such that the ion beam increases energy from the first end to the second end of the accelerator; and

d) an anti-corona ring connected to each acceleration electrode at the chamber exterior, decreasing the electric field.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an isotope extraction system, operatively coupled to the target system, for containing an isotope-deriving material.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the isotope extraction system includes a tubing carrying the isotope-deriving material comprising a second fluid, the nuclear particles penetrating the tubing of the isotope extraction system and reacting with the second fluid to create a radioisotope.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the target chamber includes walls which are transparent to the nuclear particles and the isotope extraction system is disposed proximate the target chamber.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the target chamber includes walls which are not transparent to the nuclear particles and the isotope extraction system is disposed within the target chamber.

12. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an isotope-deriving material proximate to the target chamber, wherein the nuclear particles penetrate the walls of the target chamber.

13. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a gas filtration system connected between the differential pumping system and the target chamber, the gas filtration system comprising:

a) a first end and a second end;

b) a getter trap at the first end of the gas filtration system, connected to the second end of the target chamber, the getter trap configured to trap a hydrogen escaping the target chamber;

c) at least one liquid nitrogen trap at the second end of the gas filtration system, connected to the getter trap, the liquid nitrogen trap configured to trap a fluid impurity escaping the target chamber;

d) at least one vacuum pump isolation valve, moveable between an open and a closed position, including one end connected to the traps, including a second end connected to the vacuum pump exhaust of the differential pumping system, and including a third end; and

e) a pump-out valve, moveable between an open and a closed position, connected to the third end of the vacuum pump isolation valve, the pump-out valve configured to allow the fluid impurity to escape the gas filtration system when in the open position and when the vacuum pump isolation valve is in the closed position.