Process for Producing Cassava Flour
A process for the production of cassava flour having low concentration of cyanogenic compounds is described. The process is suitable for removing the cyanogenic compounds from bitter-type cassava roots using a minimum of washing steps. The resultant cassava flour has a high fiber content while having less than about 10 mg HCN equivalents/kg.
1 . A process for producing a low cyanide, high fiber cassava flour comprising:
providing a mash comprising crushed cassava root;
adjusting a pH of the mash to a pH ranging from about 5.0 to about 7.5;
incubating the mash at a temperature ranging from about 30° C. to about 60° C. for a time of at least 30 minutes;
pressing the mash to remove excess water and provide a cassava cake; and
processing the cassava cake to provide a low cyanide cassava flour having a crude fiber content ranging from about 1% to about 7% on a dry weight basis.
2 . The process of claim 1 , further comprising washing the cake with a first amount of water weighing less than 4.0 times the weight of the crushed cassava root; and
pressing the cake to provide a washed cassava cake.
3 . The process of claim 2 , further comprising washing the cake with a second amount of water weighing less than 4.0 times the weight of the crushed cassava root and repressing the cake to provide the washed cassava cake.
4 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the low cyanide cassava flour has a total cyanide content of less than 10 mg HCN equivalent/kg.
5 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the crushed cassava root comprises crushed bitter-type cassava root having a cyanide content of at least 50 mg HCN equivalent/kg.
6 . The process of claim 1 , wherein processing the cassava cake comprises:
drying the cassava cake to provide a dried cassava cake; and
processing the dry cassava cake to provide the low cyanide cassava flour.
7 . The process of claim 1 , wherein providing the mash comprises:
peeling at least a portion of a bitter-type cassava root having a cyanide content of at least 50 mg HCN equivalent/kg;
cleaning the peeled cassava root; and
crushing and/or rasping the cleaned cassava root to provide the mash comprising crushed and/or rasped cassava root.
8 . The process of claim 1 , wherein incubating the mash comprises incubating the mash in the presence of a β-glucosidase enzyme.
9 . The process of claim 8 , wherein the β-glucosidase enzyme is an endogenous linamarase enzyme.
10 . The process of claim 1 , wherein incubating the mash is at a temperature ranging from about 55° C. to about 60° C.
11 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the mash is incubated for a time ranging from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours.
12 . The process of claim 1 , wherein the mash is adjusted to a pH ranging from about 6.0 to about 7.0.
13 . The process of claim 3 , wherein the first water wash and the second water wash use an amount of water ranging from about 1.7 to about 1.8 times the weight of the crushed cassava root.
14 . The process of claim 6 , wherein drying the washed cassava cake is at a temperature ranging from about 140° C. to about 160° C.
15 . A process for producing a low cyanide cassava flour comprising:
peeling at least a portion of bitter-type cassava roots having a cyanide content of at least 50 mg HCN equivalent/kg;
cleaning the cassava roots to provide a cleaned cassava root;
crushing and/or rasping the cleaned cassava root to provide a cassava root mash;
adjusting a pH of the cassava root mash to a pH ranging from about 5.0 to about 7.5;
incubating the mash at a temperature ranging from about 30° C. to about 60° C. for a time ranging from 30 minutes to two hours;
pressing the mash to remove excess water and provide a cassava cake;
washing the cassava cake with a first amount of water weighing from about 1 to about 2 times the weight of the bitter-type cassava roots;
pressing the cassava cake to remove the first amount of water;
repeating the washing and pressing steps with a second amount of water weighing from about 1 to about 2 times the weight of the bitter-type cassava roots to provide a washed cassava cake;
drying the washed cassava cake; and
processing the dry cassava cake to provide a low cyanide cassava flour having a crude fiber content ranging from about 1% to about 7% on a dry weight basis.
16 . The process of claim 15 , wherein incubating the mash comprises incubating the mash in the presence of a β-glucosidase enzyme.
17 . The process of claim 16 , wherein the β-glucosidase enzyme is an endogenous linamarase enzyme.
18 . The process of claim 15 , wherein the process uses less than 25 m 3 of water per 1000 kg of low cyanide cassava flour produced.
19 . The process of claim 15 , wherein the cassava flour has a peak RVA viscosity ranging from about 700 cP to about 1200 cP.
20 . A process for making a fabricated snack product comprising:
forming a dry blend comprising from about 1% to about 100% of the cassava flour of claim 15 .