Monolithic orthopedic implant with an articular finished surface
A monolithic material including a first region having a first variability of strength and a second region joined to the first region, the second region having a second variability of strength, wherein the monolithic material has a variability of strength less than the first variability of strength of the first region and less than the second variability of strength of the second region.
1. A monolithic orthopedic implant made entirely of a brittle, non-resorbable, monolithic material and having an overall implant variability of strength measured as an overall implant Weibull Modulus, the implant comprising:
a porous region having a first variability of strength measured as a first Weibull Modulus;
a transition region located over and integrally joined to the porous region and having a second variability of strength measured as a second Weibull Modulus, wherein the second variability of strength is less than the first variability of strength, and wherein the second Weibull Modulus is greater than the first Weibull Modulus;
a dense region located over and integrally joined to the transition region and having a third variability of strength measured as a third Weibull Modulus, wherein the third variability of strength is less than the second variability of strength, and wherein the third Weibull Modulus is greater than the second Weibull Modulus; and
a surface on top of the dense region, the surface having a finish adapted for articulation against native articular cartilage;
wherein the overall implant variability of strength is less than the third variability of strength, and wherein the overall implant Weibull Modulus is greater than the third Weibull Modulus.
2. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region has a bulk porosity of at least 50 percent, wherein the dense region has a bulk porosity of 4 percent or less, and wherein the transition region has a bulk porosity that is between the bulk porosities of the porous and dense regions.
3. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the brittle, non-resorbable, monolithic material is selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides, partially stabilized zirconia, alumina, silica, silicon nitride, SiAlON, and pyrolytic carbon.
4. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region has a porosity gradient that increases as a distance from the dense region increases.
5. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region, the transition region, the dense region, and the surface have a Vickers hardness of 500 MPa or greater, a nickel content of less than 4%, and a chrome content of less than 10%.
6. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the dense region has a Vickers hardness of 1000 MPa or greater and a bulk porosity of 4% or less.
7. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the surface is finished to a roughness of 6 micrometers R a or less.
8. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the surface is finished to a roughness of 0.025 micrometers R a or less.
9. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region comprises a three dimensional framework of structural members with interstitial interconnected passages therebetween.
10. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region has interconnected pore passageways, each having a diameter less than 1000 micrometers.
11. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region has interconnected pore passageways each, having a diameter between 200 and 600 micrometers.
12. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region has a bulk porosity of 50% or greater.
13. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the transition region has a relatively lower porosity than the porous region to provide strength and to support capillary movement of fluid between cancellous bone and articular cartilage.
14. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein a perimeter of the dense region comprises a roughness of 6 micrometers R a or greater.
15. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the porous region comprises roughness characterized by a frictional coefficient greater than 0.5.
16. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region comprises a hydrophilic surface.
17. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region comprises a charged surface.
18. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region comprises a bioactive mineral coating to promote bone ingrowth for bone fixation.
19. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 18 , wherein the bioactive mineral coating is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite, bioglass, calcium phosphate, and any combination thereof.
20. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 wherein the porous region comprises a bioengineered coating to promote bone ingrowth for bone fixation.
21. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 20 , wherein the bioengineered coating is selected from the group consisting of a protein, a peptide, and any combination thereof.
22. The monolithic orthopedic implant of claim 1 , wherein the dense region has a first thickness matching a second thickness of surrounding native articular cartilage.