Heterocycle catalyzed electrochemical process
A method for heterocycle catalyzed electrochemical reduction of a carbonyl compound is disclosed. The method generally includes steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may introduce the carbonyl compound into a solution of an electrolyte and a heterocycle catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode generally reduces the carbonyl compound to at least one aldehyde compound. Step (B) may vary which of the aldehyde compounds is produced by adjusting one or more of (i) a cathode material, (ii) the electrolyte, (iii) the heterocycle catalyst, (iv) a pH level and (v) an electrical potential. Step (C) may separate the aldehyde compounds from the solution.
1. A method for heterocycle catalyzed electrochemical reduction of a carboxylic acid, comprising the steps of:
(A) introducing said carboxylic acid into a nonaqueous solution of an electrolyte, a nonaqueous solvent and an aromatic heterocyclic amine catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell, wherein said divided electrochemical cell comprises an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment;
(B) applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode of the divided electrochemical cell sufficient to reduce said carboxylic acid to at least one aldehyde compound; and
(C) separating said at least one aldehyde compound from said nonaqueous solution.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said cathode material is at least one of Al, Au, C, Co, Cr, Cu, Cu alloys, Ga, In, Mo, Nb, Ni, Ni alloys, Ni—Fe alloys, Ti, V, W, Zn, elgiloy, Nichrome, austenitic steel, duplex steel, ferritic steel, martensitic steel, stainless steel, degenerately doped p-Si, degenerately doped p-Si:As and degenerately doped p-Si:B.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said electrolyte is at least one of Na 2 SO 4 , KCI, NaNO 3 , NaCl, NaF, NaClO 4 , KClO 4 , K 2 SiO 3 , CaCl 2 , a H cation, a Li cation, a Na cation, a K cation, a Rb cation, a Cs cation, a Ca cation, an ammonium cation, an alkylammonium cation, a F anion, a Cl anion, a Br anion, an I anion, an At anion, an alkyl amine, borates, carbonates, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, polyphosphates, perchlorates, silicates, sulfates, and a tetraalkyl ammonium salt.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said aromatic heterocyclic amine catalyst is one or more of amino-thiazole, aromatic heterocyclic amines with an aromatic 5-member heterocyclic ring, aromatic heterocyclic amines with 6-member heterocyclic ring, azoles, benzimidazole, bipyridines, furan, imidazoles, imidazole related species with at least one five-member ring, indoles, pyridines, pyridine related species with at least one six-member ring, pyrrole, thiophene and thiazoles.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nonaqueous solution has a pH level from approximately 3 to approximately 8.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the pH level ranges from approximately 4.7 to 5.6.
7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said electrical potential ranges from approximately −1 volt to approximately −2 volts.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine catalyst has a concentration of about 10 mM to 1 M.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte has a concentration of about 0.1 M to 1 M.
10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aromatic heterocyclic amine catalyst is 4,4′-bipyridine with a concentration is greater than 50 millimolar (mM).
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nonaqueous solvent includes at least one of methanol or acetonitrile.