Compact wastewater concentrator and pollutant scrubber
A compact and portable liquid concentrator includes a gas inlet, a gas exit and a flow corridor connecting the gas inlet and the gas exit, wherein the flow corridor includes a narrowed portion that accelerates the gas through the flow corridor. A liquid inlet injects liquid into the gas stream at a point prior to the narrowed portion so that the gas-liquid mixture is thoroughly mixed within the flow corridor, causing a portion of the liquid to be evaporated. A demister or fluid scrubber downstream of the narrowed portion removes entrained liquid droplets from the gas stream and re-circulates the removed liquid to the liquid inlet through a re-circulating circuit. Fresh liquid to be concentrated is also introduced into the re-circulating circuit at a rate sufficient to offset the amount of liquid evaporated in the flow corridor.
1. A process for concentrating wastewater with a heated gas comprising oxides of sulfur (SOx) and reducing SO x therein, the process comprising:
(a) combining the heated gas and a liquid flow of wastewater under pressure to form a mixture thereof at a first location upstream of a narrowed portion of a mixing corridor;
(b) drawing the mixture through the mixing corridor, and reducing the static pressure of the mixture in the narrowed portion to vaporize a portion of the liquid in the mixture yielding a partially vaporized mixture comprising entrained concentrated liquid;
(c) contacting with the partially vaporized mixture an alkaline agent to reduce the oxides of sulfur in the partially vaporized mixture;
(d) removing a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid and reduced oxides of sulfur from the vaporized mixture to provide a demisted gas, and
(e) returning a portion of the concentrated liquid to the mixing corridor at a second location, downstream of the first location.
2. The process of claim 1 further comprising re-circulating and combining with the liquid flow of wastewater the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein removing a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid and reduced oxides of sulfur from the partially vaporized mixture comprises passing the partially vaporized mixture through a cross flow scrubber operable to remove a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid and reduced oxides of sulfur from the partially vaporized mixture.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the partially vaporized mixture has a temperature of about 150° F. to about 190° F. (about 66° C. to about 88° C.).
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heated gas comprises an exhaust gas from the combustion of a fuel.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of landfill gas, natural gas, propane, and combinations thereof.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein the fuel is landfill gas.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein the fuel is natural gas.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heated gas has a temperature of about 900° F. to about 1200° F. (about 482° C. to about 649° C.).
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater is selected from the group consisting of leachate, flowback water, produced water, and combinations thereof.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the wastewater is leachate.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the removed entrained concentrated liquid comprises about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % solids based on the total weight of the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the removed entrained concentrated liquid comprises at least about 10 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the removed entrained concentrated liquid comprises at least about 20 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
15. The process of claim 14 , wherein the removed entrained concentrated liquid comprises at least about 30 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the removed entrained concentrated liquid comprises at least about 50 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the removed entrained concentrated liquid.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the partially vaporized mixture in step (b) comprises about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % liquid, based on the total weight of the partially vaporized mixture.
18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the partially vaporized mixture in step (b) comprises about 10 wt. % to about 15 wt. % liquid, based on the total weight of the partially vaporized mixture.
19. The process of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline agent is selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the alkaline agent further comprises a solution of sodium hydroxide.
21. The process of claim 19 , wherein the alkaline agent further comprises a slurry of calcium carbonate.
22. A process for concentrating wastewater with a heated gas comprising oxides of sulfur (SOx) and reducing SO x therein, the process comprising:
(a) combining the heated gas and a liquid flow of wastewater comprising an alkaline agent under pressure at a first location upstream of a narrowed portion of a mixing corridor to form a mixture of heated gas and liquid thereof and to reduce the oxides of sulfur;
(b) drawing the mixture through the mixing corridor, and reducing the static pressure of the mixture in the narrowed portion to vaporize a portion of the liquid in the mixture yielding a partially vaporized mixture comprising entrained concentrated liquid;
(c) removing a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid and reduced oxides of sulfur from the vaporized mixture to provide a demisted gas; and,
(d) returning a portion of the concentrated liquid to the mixing corridor at a second location, downstream of the first location.
23. A process for concentrating wastewater with a heated gas comprising oxides of sulfur (SOx) and reducing SO x therein, the process comprising:
(a) combining the heated gas and a liquid flow of wastewater under pressure at a first location upstream of a narrowed portion of a mixing corridor;
(b) passing the combined heated gas and liquid flow of wastewater through the mixing corridor to form a gas-liquid mixture having a liquid concentration of about 5 weight percent (wt. %) to about 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the mixture, and accelerating the gas and liquid flow within the narrowed portion, causing a portion of the liquid to evaporate;
(c) contacting with the gas-liquid mixture an alkaline agent to reduce the oxides of sulfur in the gas-liquid mixture;
(d) separating a portion of the liquid from the gas-liquid mixture to provide a gas mixture entrained with liquid droplets, wherein one of the liquid and the liquid droplets comprises reduced oxides of sulfur;
(e) removing liquid droplets entrained in the gas mixture obtained in step (d) to provide a concentrated liquid and a substantially liquid-free and substantially SO x -free gas; and,
(f) returning a portion of the concentrated liquid to the mixing corridor at a second location, downstream of the first location.
24. The process of claim 23 , further comprising re-circulating and combining with the liquid flow of wastewater in step (a) the concentrated liquid obtained in step (e).
25. A process for removing ammonia from wastewater and concentrating the wastewater with a heated gas, the process comprising:
(a) combining with a liquid flow of the wastewater a pH-raising agent to form a flow of increased-pH wastewater;
(b) contacting with the flow of increased-pH wastewater an air stream under conditions sufficient to remove ammonia from the wastewater yielding an ammonia-rich air exhaust stream and an ammonia-lean, increased-pH wastewater;
(c) combining the heated gas and a flow of the ammonia-lean, increased-pH wastewater under pressure to form a mixture thereof at a first location upstream of a narrowed portion of a mixing corridor;
(d) drawing the mixture through the mixing corridor, and reducing the static pressure of the mixture in the narrowed portion to vaporize a portion of the liquid in the mixture yielding a partially vaporized mixture comprising entrained concentrated liquid; and,
(e) removing a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid from the vaporized mixture to provide a demisted gas; and
(f) returning a portion of the concentrated liquid to the mixing corridor at a second location, downstream of the first location.
26. The process of claim 25 further comprising combining the ammonia-rich air exhaust stream obtained in step (b) with a combustion air stream, and combusting a fuel in the presence of the combined air stream to form an exhaust gas comprising the heated gas employed in step (c).
27. The process of claim 25 , wherein the pH-increasing agent is a caustic.
28. The process of claim 27 , wherein the caustic is one of sodium hydroxide and lime.
29. The process of claim 8 , wherein the natural gas is unrefined and supplied directly from a well head.
30. The process of claim 8 , wherein the natural gas is refined.