Internal reforming anode for solid oxide fuel cells

1. A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), comprising:

a cathode electrode;

a solid oxide electrolyte consisting essentially of stabilized zirconia; and

an anode electrode comprising a first layer and a second layer, such that the first layer is in physical contact with the stabilized zirconia solid oxide electrolyte and located between the stabilized zirconia solid oxide electrolyte and the second layer;

wherein:

the anode electrode comprises a cermet comprising a nickel containing phase and a ceramic phase;

the first layer of the anode electrode contains a lower ratio of the nickel containing phase to the ceramic phase than the second portion of the anode electrode;

the nickel containing phase in the second layer of the anode electrode comprises nickel and Cu which has a lower electrocatalytic activity than nickel, and

the first layer lacks intentionally introduced Cu.

2. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic phase comprises a doped ceria phase.

3. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 2 , wherein the doped ceria phase comprises Sm, Gd or Y doped ceria phase.

4. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 3 , wherein the doped ceria phase composition comprises Ce (1-x )A x O 2 where A comprises at least one of Sm, Gd, or Y, and x is greater than 0.1 but less than 0.4.

5. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 4 , wherein the doped ceria phase comprises a Sm doped ceria phase.

6. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 3 , wherein the first layer comprises a first sublayer in contact with the electrolyte and the second layer comprises a second sublayer located over the first sublayer.

7. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 6 , wherein the first sublayer contains a lower porosity than the second sublayer.

8. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 7 , wherein the nickel containing phase contains an alloy of nickel and Cu.

9. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 8 , wherein:

the nickel containing phase in the second sublayer comprises 1 to 50 atomic percent of Cu and balance nickel;

the first sublayer contains between 1 and 15 volume percent of the nickel containing phase, between 5 and 30 volume percent pores and remainder the doped ceria phase; and

the second sublayer contains between 20 and 60 volume percent nickel containing phase, between 20 and 60 volume percent pores and remainder the doped ceria phase.

10. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 7 , wherein:

the nickel containing phase in the second sublayer comprises 5 to 10 atomic percent of Cu and balance nickel;

the first sublayer contains between 5 and 25 weight percent of the nickel containing phase and between 75 and 95 weight percent of the doped ceria containing phase; and

the second sublayer contains between 60 and 85 weight percent of the nickel containing phase and between 15 and 40 weight percent of the doped ceria containing phase.

11. The solid oxide fuel cell of claim 3 , wherein the second layer of the anode electrode has a higher porosity than first layer of the anode electrode.