Modulators

1. An allosteric agonist antibody that binds to both mouse and human insulin receptor with a K D of 10 −6 M or less and (a) exhibits maximal agonist activity in the absence of insulin that is 20%-80% that of insulin's maximal agonist activity when measured in pAKT assay, (b) when present with insulin does not alter the EC50 of insulin for INSR by more than 2-fold, and (c) when present with insulin does not alter the K D of insulin for INSR by more than 2-fold.

2. The antibody of claim 1 that activates insulin receptor by at least 50% of the maximal signal of insulin.

3. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises

(a) the heavy chain variable region of any of Ab021, Ab029, Ab022, Ab017, Ab023, Ab024, Ab025, Ab026, Ab030, Ab031, Ab035, Ab027, Ab036, Ab037, Ab028, Ab038, Ab039, Ab040, Ab041, Ab042, Ab032, Ab043, Ab044, Ab045, Ab046, Ab047, Ab018, Ab033, Ab048, Ab014, Ab015, Ab049, Ab034, Ab051, Ab053, Ab054, Ab056, Ab058, Ab062, Ab064, Ab066, Ab067, Ab068, Ab086, Ab069, Ab071, Ab073, Ab075, Ab082, Ab084 or set out in SEQ ID NOs: 252, 253, 263, 265, 269 and 195 and the light chain variable region of any of Ab021, Ab029, Ab022, Ab017, Ab023, Ab024, Ab025, Ab026, Ab030, Ab031, Ab035, Ab027, Ab036, Ab037, Ab028, Ab038, Ab039, Ab040, Ab041, Ab042, Ab032, Ab043, Ab044, Ab045, Ab046, Ab047, Ab018, Ab033, Ab048, Ab014, Ab015, Ab049, Ab034, Ab051, Ab053, Ab054, Ab056, Ab058, Ab062, Ab064, Ab066, Ab067, Ab068, Ab086, Ab069, Ab071, Ab073, Ab075, Ab082, Ab084 or set out in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 113, 114, 124, 126, 130 and 77, or

(b) all six CDRs of any of Ab021, Ab029, Ab022, Ab017, Ab023, Ab024, Ab025, Ab026, Ab030, Ab031, Ab035, Ab027, Ab036, Ab037, Ab028, Ab038, Ab039, Ab040, Ab041, Ab042, Ab032, Ab043, Ab044, Ab045, Ab046, Ab047, Ab018, Ab033, Ab048, Ab014, Ab015, Ab049, Ab034, Ab051, Ab053, Ab054, Ab056, Ab058, Ab062, Ab064, Ab066, Ab067, Ab068, Ab086, Ab069, Ab071, Ab073, Ab075, Ab082, Ab084 or set out in SEQ ID NOs: 7, 113, 114, 124, 126, 130, 252, 253, 263, 265, 269, 77 and 195.

4. The antibody of claim 1 that comprises a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NOS: 151-303 and comprises a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NOS: 1-150.

5. A method of preparing a sterile pharmaceutical composition, comprising adding a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent to an antibody of claim 1 .

6. A sterile composition comprising the antibody of claim 1 and a sterile pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

7. The antibody of claim 1 that exhibits greater than or equal to 70% competition with any one, two, three or all antibodies selected from the group consisting of Ab040, Ab062, Ab030, Ab001, and Ab018.

8. The antibody of claim 1 that exhibits greater than or equal to 70% competition with any one, two, three or all antibodies selected from the group consisting of Ab030, Ab037, Ab053, Ab001, Ab018, Ab064, Ab040, and optionally

exhibit greater than or equal to 30% competition with any one or two antibodies selected from the group consisting of Ab085 and Ab086.

9. A monoclonal antibody that competes with an antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region set out in SEQ ID NO: 195 and a light chain variable region set out in SEQ ID NO: 77 for binding to the insulin receptor.

10. The antibody of claim 1 , wherein the antibody comprises

(a) the three heavy chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 195, and

(b) the three light chain CDRs set out in SEQ ID NO: 77.

11. The antibody of claim 1 comprising a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 195 and a light chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 77.