Genetically modified mice and engraftment
A mouse with a humanization of the mIL-3 gene and the mGM-CSF gene, a knockout of a mRAG gene, and a knockout of a mIl2rg subunit gene; and optionally a humanization of the TPO gene is described. A RAG/Il2rg KO/hTPO knock-in mouse is described. A mouse engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintains a human immune cell (HIC) population derived from the HSCs and that is infectable by a human pathogen, e.g., S. typhi or M. tuberculosis is described. A mouse that models a human pathogen infection that is poorly modeled in mice is described, e.g., a mouse that models a human mycobacterial infection, wherein the mouse develops one or more granulomas comprising human immune cells. A mouse that comprises a human hematopoietic malignancy that originates from an early human hematopoietic cells is described, e.g., a myeloid leukemia or a myeloproliferative neoplasia.
1. A genetically modified mouse, comprising:
a. a mouse RAG gene knockout;
b. a mouse interleukin 2 receptor gamma (Il2rg) gene knockout;
c. a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene, wherein the human IL-3 gene is at a mouse IL-3 gene locus; and,
d. a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene, wherein the human GM-CSF gene is at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus.
2. The mouse of claim 1 , further comprising a replacement of a mouse thrombopoietin gene with a human thrombopoietin gene, wherein the human thrombopoietin gene is at a mouse thrombopoietin gene locus.
3. The mouse of claim 1 , wherein the RAG gene knockout is selected from a RAG1 gene knockout, a RAG2 gene knockout, and a combination thereof.
4. The mouse of claim 1 , further comprising an engraftment of human hematopoietic cells.
5. The mouse of claim 4 , wherein the human hematopoietic cells are selected from the group consisting of umbilical cord blood cells and fetal liver cells.
6. The mouse of claim 5 , wherein the human hematopoietic cells are human umbilical cord blood cells that are CD34+ cells.
7. The mouse of claim 3 , wherein the mouse comprises a human cell that is a CD34-positive cell, a hematopoietic stem cell, hematopoietic cells, a myeloid precursor cell, a myeloid cell, a dendritic cell, a monocyte, a granulocyte, a neutrophil, a mast cell, or a combination thereof.
8. The mouse of claim 3 , wherein the mouse comprises human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, human myeloid progenitor cells, human myeloid cells, human dendritic cells, human monocytes, human granulocytes, human neutrophils, human mast cells, human thymocytes, human T cells, human B cells, human platelets.
9. The mouse of claim 4 , comprising a Salmonella typhi infection.
10. The mouse of claim 9 , wherein the Salmonella typhi infection is a systemic Salmonella typhi infection.
11. The mouse of claim 4 , comprising a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
12. The mouse of claim 11 , wherein the mouse comprises a lung granuloma that comprises a human immune cell.
13. A method for identifying an agent that inhibits a human pathogen infection, comprising:
a. administering an agent to a genetically modified, engrafted, and human pathogen-infected mouse, wherein the mouse comprises
i. a RAG1 gene knockout or a RAG2 gene knockout, or a combination thereof,
ii, an Il2rg gene knockout,
iii, a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene, wherein the human IL-3 gene is at a mouse IL-3 gene locus, and,
iv, a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene, wherein the human GM-CSF gene is at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus
wherein the mouse is engrafted with CD34-postive human umbilical cord blood cells or CD34-positive human fetal liver cells; and,
b. determining whether the agent reduces the amount of the human pathogen in the human pathogen-infected mouse.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the mouse further comprises a replacement of a mouse thrombopoietin gene with a human thrombopoietin gene.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the human pathogen is Salmonella typhi.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the human pathogen is a mycobacterium, and they mycobacterium produces in the mouse a granuloma that comprises a human immune cell.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the mycobacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.