Thermally switched optical filter incorporating a refractive optical structure
A thermochromic, thermotropic, or thermoreflective filter relies on a mismatch between the index of refraction of a thermotropic material (e.g., a liquid crystal) and a substrate material that includes refractive or diffractive features. At colder operating temperatures, the refraction mismatches are eliminated or minimized such that the filter becomes transparent, whereas at high operating temperatures the refraction mismatches are increased such that for light at appropriate incidence angles, the structure becomes highly reflective. This filter has particular but not exclusive application as a temperature-controlled “smart mirror” for use in windows, walls, roofing, and other building materials.
1. A thermoreflective or thermoabsorptive filter comprising
a diffractive-type polarizer having a first index of refraction;
a thermotropic material adjacent to the diffractive-type polarizer; wherein
the thermotropic material is configured such that below a threshold temperature the thermotropic material has a second index of refraction that is substantially similar to the first index of refraction such that incident light is not substantially refracted at an interface between the diffractive-type polarizer and the thermotropic material and thus the filter is largely transparent; and
the thermotropic material is configured such that above the threshold temperature the thermotropic material has a third index of refraction that is substantially different from the first index of refraction such that incident light is substantially refracted at the interface between the diffractive-type polarizer and the thermotropic material and thus the filter is attenuating to the incident light.
2. The filter of claim 1 further comprising a second polarizer adjacent the thermotropic material on an opposite side from the diffractive-type polarizer and having a polarization substantially orthogonal to a polarization of the diffractive-type polarizer.
3. The filter of claim 2 , wherein the second polarizer is a diffractive-type polarizer.
4. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the diffractive-type polarizer is a transparent material with an etched surface.
5. The filter of claim 1 , further comprising a refractive optical component that directs incident light toward the diffractive-type polarizer at an acute angle of incidence with respect to a surface of the diffractive-type polarizer.
6. The filter of claim 1 , further comprising a refractive optical component that directs incident light toward the diffractive-type polarizer at a substantially normal angle of incidence with respect to a surface of the diffractive-type polarizer.
7. The filter of claim 1 , wherein the thermotropic material is a liquid crystal having a clearing-point within a temperature range of 0° C. to 35° C.
8. The filter of claim 1 , wherein
at a first temperature a first percentage of the incident light is reflected from the device and a second percentage of the incident light is transmitted through the filter; and
at a second temperature a third percentage of the incident light is reflected from the device and a fourth percentage of the incident light is transmitted through the device.
9. The device of claim 2 , wherein above the threshold temperature up to 100% of incident light is reflected by the device, and below the threshold temperature down to 0% of incident light is reflected by the device.
10. The device of claim 2 , wherein
the diffractive-type polarizer reflects up to 50% of the incident light and transmits a majority of non-reflected incident light when the thermotropic material is above the threshold temperature; and
the second polarizer reflects up to 100% of incident light transmitted by the diffractive-type polarizer when the thermotropic material is above the threshold temperature and transmits up to 100% of the incident light transmitted by the diffractive-type polarizer when the thermotropic polarizer is below the threshold temperature.
11. A thermoreflective filter comprising
a thermotropic, birefringent material having axial indices of refraction n o and n e in a first temperature state and a single index of refraction n i in a second temperature state, and
a single layer of one or more refractive structures positioned adjacent the thermotropic, birefringent material and capable of altering a path of an incoming photon; wherein
n o and n e and the axial indices of reflection of the refractive structures are selected such that interfaces between the thermotropic, birefringent material and the refractive structures have indices of refraction whereby in the first temperature state photons of a certain polarization and incidence angle beyond a critical angle are reflected upon striking the interfaces, while in the second temperature state photons of a same polarization and incidence angle are transmitted through the interfaces.
12. The thermoreflective filter of claim 11 , wherein the one or more refractive structures comprise a prism or prisms.
13. A thermoreflective filter comprising
a thermotropic, birefringent material having axial indices of refraction n o and n e in a first temperature state and a single index of refraction n i in a second temperature state, and
a simile layer of one or more birefringent, refractive structures positioned adjacent the thermotropic, birefringent material, capable of altering the path of an incoming photon, and having axial indices of refraction close to n o and n e ; wherein
n o and n e and the axial indices of reflection of the birefringent, refractive structures are selected such that interfaces between the thermotropic, birefringent material and the birefringent refractive structures have indices of refraction whereby in the first temperature state photons of a certain polarization and incidence angle beyond a critical angle are strongly or totally reflected upon striking the interfaces, while in the second temperature state photons of a same polarization and incidence angle are transmitted through the interfaces.
14. The thermoreflective filter of claim 13 , wherein the one or more refractive structures comprise a prism or prisms.
15. A thermoreflective filter device comprising two of the thermoreflective filters of claim 13 oriented substantially orthogonally to each other.
16. A thermoreflective filter device comprising two or more of the thermoreflective filters of claim 13 at various orientations with respect to each other.
17. The thermoreflective filter of claim 11 , further comprising a second single layer of one or more refractive structures positioned adjacent to and on an opposite side of the thermotropic, birefringent material from the single layer, wherein the second single layer is capable of altering the path of an incoming photon, and having axial indices of refraction close to n o and n e .
18. The thermoreflective filter of claim 13 , further comprising a second single layer of one or more birefringent, refractive structures positioned adjacent to and on an opposite side of the thermotropic, birefringent material from the single layer, wherein the second single layer is capable of altering the path of an incoming photon, and having axial indices of refraction close to n o and n e .