Pigment-based inks

1. A pigment-based ink, including:

a non-polar carrier fluid; and

water-free pigment particles extracted from aqueous dispersions suspended in the non-polar carrier fluid, the pigment particles having surface functionalized anionic groups.

2. The ink of claim 1 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is a non-polar carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated or partially halogenated hydrocarbons, and siloxanes.

3. The ink of claim 2 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is selected from the group consisting of perchoroethylene, cyclohexane, dodecane, mineral oil, isoparaffinic fluids, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, and combinations thereof.

4. The ink of claim 1 wherein the pigment particles are selected from the group consisting of black pigment particles, yellow pigment particles, magenta pigment particles, red pigment particles, violet pigment particles, cyan pigment particles, blue pigment particles, green pigment particles, orange pigment particles, brown pigment particles, and white pigment particles.

5. The ink of claim 1 wherein the surface functionalized anionic groups are selected from the group consisting of sulfonate, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, sulfinic acid, and hydroxyl.

6. In combination, an electronic display and an electronic ink,

wherein the electronic display includes:

a first electrode;

a second electrode; and

a display cell defined by a dielectric material between the first electrode and the second electrode, the display cell containing the electronic ink,

wherein the dielectric layer is structured with recess regions that allow the pigment particles to collect and compact over the first electrode in response to a bias being applied to the first electrode with respect to the second electrode; and

wherein the electronic ink includes:

a non-polar carrier fluid; and

water-free pigment particles extracted from aqueous dispersions suspended in the non-polar carrier fluid, the pigment particles having surface functionalized anionic groups.

7. The combination of claim 6 wherein the electronic display includes a plurality of display cells in a stacked configuration, associated first electrodes and second electrodes, and a plurality of electronic inks of different colors, each display cell containing an electronic ink of a different color.

8. The combination of claim 6 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is a non-polar carrier fluid selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated or partially halogenated hydrocarbons, and siloxanes.

9. The combination of claim 8 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is selected from the group consisting of perchoroethylene, cyclohexane, dodecane, mineral oil, isoparaffinic fluids, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, and combinations thereof.

10. The combination of claim 6 wherein the pigment particles are selected from the group consisting of black pigment particles, yellow pigment particles, magenta pigment particles, red pigment particles, violet pigment particles, cyan pigment particles, blue pigment particles, green pigment particles, orange pigment particles, brown pigment particles, and white pigment particles.

11. The combination of claim 6 wherein the surface functionalized anionic groups are selected from the group consisting of sulfonate, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, sulfinic acid, and hydroxyl.

12. A process for treating a water-free pigment extracted from aqueous dispersions for use in a pigment-based ink, the method including:

providing an aqueous dispersion of the pigment, the pigment comprising particles having surface functionalized anionic groups;

removing the water; and

preparing the pigment for dispersion in a non-polar carrier fluid.

13. The process of claim 12 further including dispersing the pigment in the non-polar carrier fluid.

14. The process of claim 12 wherein the process of removing the water includes centrifuging a diluted mixture to produce supernatant and pigment sediment and separating the supernatant from the pigment.

15. The process of claim 12 wherein the process of preparing the pigment includes drying the pigment and grinding the dried pigment.

16. The process of claim 12 wherein the process comprises:

providing the aqueous dispersion of the pigment;

mixing the aqueous dispersion with water;

centrifuging the diluted mixture and separating the supernatant from the sediment;

adding water to the sediment;

freeze-drying the mixture;

grinding the dried pigment; and

dispersing the pigment in the non-polar carrier fluid.

17. The process of claim 16 wherein the steps of mixing, centrifuging, and separating are repeated at least once.

18. The process of claim 12 in which the process for removing water from the aqueous dispersion and preparing the pigment for dispersion in a non-polar carrier fluid comprises sequentially washing the functionalized pigment with successively less polar carrier fluids and separating the washed pigment by centrifugation.

19. The process of claim 12 wherein the surface functionalized anionic groups are selected from the group consisting of sulfonate, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, sulfinic acid, and hydroxyl.