Homogenization and heat-treatment of cast metals
View Patent ↗A method of casting a metal ingot with a microstructure that facilitates further working, such as hot and cold rolling. The metal is cast in a direct chill casting mold, or the equivalent, that directs a spray of coolant liquid onto the outer surface of the ingot to achieve rapid cooling. The coolant is removed from the surface at a location where the emerging embryonic ingot is still not completely solid, such that the latent heat of solidification and the sensible heat of the molten core raises the temperature of the adjacent solid shell to a convergence temperature that is above a transition temperature for in-situ homogenization of the metal. A further conventional homogenization step is then not required. The invention also relates to the heat-treatment of such ingots prior to hot working.
1. A method of continuously or semi-continuously direct chill casting an ingot made of a castable metal, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a direct chill casting mold having one or more mold inlets and one or more mold outlets;
(b) supplying molten metal to at least one inlet of the casting mold;
(c) cooling the mold to solidify a peripheral portion of the metal, thereby forming an embryonic ingot having an external solid shell and an internal molten core;
(d) continuously advancing the embryonic ingot beyond at least one outlet of the mold, thereby extending the molten core contained within the solid shell beyond said at least one outlet of the mold;
(e) cooling the embryonic ingot emerging from the mold to continue the solidification thereof by directing a supply of coolant liquid onto an outer surface of the embryonic ingot;
(f) causing said coolant liquid to be removed from the surface of the embryonic ingot before the ingot has been transformed into a fully solid ingot such that internal heat from the molten core reheats the solid shell adjacent to the core, thereby causing temperatures of said core and said shell to equilibrate at a convergence temperature, said coolant liquid being removed from said surface at a distance from said at least one mold outlet that causes said convergence temperature to be above a transformation temperature at which said metal undergoes in-situ homogenization;
(g) cooling said ingot or allowing said ingot to cool;
(h) with no intervening homogenization, pre-heating said ingot to a temperature effective for hot rolling; and
(i) hot rolling said ingot;
wherein said pre-heating of step (h) is carried out in two steps, a first of which comprises heating said ingot to a nucleating temperature below said temperature effective for hot rolling and holding at said nucleating temperature for a time effective to cause nucleation within said ingot, and a second of which comprises heating said ingot from said nucleating temperature to said temperature effective for hot rolling, and maintaining said ingot at said temperature effective for hot rolling for a period of time to allow crystal growth before said hot rolling of step (i).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said transformation temperature is 425° C. or higher.
3. A method of hot rolling an ingot produced by DC casting, comprising the steps of:
(a) quenching an ingot produced by direct chill casting from an elevated casting temperature;
(b) pre-heating said ingot to a temperature effective for hot rolling; and
(c) hot rolling said ingot at said temperature effective for hot rolling;
wherein said pre-heating of step (b) is carried out in two steps, a first step comprising heating said ingot to a nucleating temperature below said temperature effective for hot rolling and holding at said nucleating temperature for a time effective to cause nucleation within said ingot, and a second step comprising heating said ingot from said nucleating temperature to said temperature effective for hot rolling, and maintaining said ingot at said temperature effective for hot rolling for a period of time to allow crystal growth before said hot rolling of step (c).
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said first step comprises heating said ingot to a temperature in the range of 380 to 450° C.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein said temperature in said first step is held for a period of 2 to 4 hours.
6. The method of claim 3 , wherein said ingot is heated to said nucleating temperature at an average rate of about 50° C. per hour.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein said second step comprises heating said ingot to a temperature in the range of 480 to 550° C.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said temperature in said second step is held for a period of time that extends a period of the entire pre-heating step into a range of 10 to 24 hours.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein said ingot is heated from said nucleating temperature to said temperature effective for hot rolling at a rate of about 50° C. per hour.