Fiber laser systems for cold ablation

1. A method of removing a material from a substrate, comprising:

selecting an exposure wavelength associated with absorption in the material;

selecting at least one pulse interval between optical pulses that is less than a material recombination time and greater than a thermal relaxation time associated with the material and the substrate;

providing optical pulses at a rate of between about 1 MHz and 100 MHz;

modulating the optical pulses to produce an output pulse train at a rate of between about 1 MHz and 30 MHz, such that a pulse interval associated with the output pulse train is the selected pulse interval;

delivering the output pulse train to a fiber pre-amplifier and a fiber power amplifier selected to provide total optical gain; and

applying at least two optical pulses at the selected exposure wavelength and at the selected pulse interval at a pulse energy sufficient to remove at least a portion of the material.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the applying at least two optical pulses includes periodically applying optical pulses at a repetition rate having a period that is less than the selected pulse interval.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the optical pulses have pulse durations less than the material recombination time.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the optical pulses have pulse durations less than the material recombination time.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the pulse duration is less than about 1 ns.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pulse duration is less than about 100 ps.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the material is a transmissive oxide, and the selected wavelength is about 355 nm.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the optical pulses are applied in an optical beam having a beam cross-sectional area at the material to be removed, and the optical beam and the material are scanned with respect to each other at a scanning speed such that a product of the scanning speed and the pulse interval is less than about 1/100 of a dimension associated with beam cross-sectional area.

9. A method, comprising:

selecting a material to be ablated;

generating a first series of optical pulses at a first wavelength and a first repetition rate;

applying a modulation to the first series of optical pulses to produce a second series of optical pulses at the first wavelength and at a second repetition rate, wherein the second repetition rate is less than the first repetition rate;

converting the second series of optical pulses from the first wavelength to a second wavelength that is a harmonic of the first wavelength; and

applying the second series of optical pulses at the second wavelength to the material at pulse energies sufficient to ablate the material and at pulse periods and pulse durations so as to ablate the material without substantially heating a substrate on which the material is situated, wherein the pulse period is less than a material recombination time and greater than a thermal relaxation time associated with the material and the substrate.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second series of optical pulses is applied by scanning the material with respect to an optical beam.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the scanning is configured to produce a scribed line in the material.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein the second series of optical pulses is applied so that adjacent pulses are applied within a time less than a recombination time in the material to be ablated.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the pulse wavelength, pulse duration, pulse interval, and pulse energy of the optical pulses are suited for processing of at least one of a metal, a transparent oxide, alpha silicon, or a copper indium gallium diselenide layer.

14. The method of claim 9 , further comprising producing the optical pulses as optical harmonics of a laser fundamental wavelength.

15. The method of claim 9 , further comprising applying the optical pulses to the material in an optical beam having a beam cross-sectional area at the material, and scanning the optical beam and the material with respect to each other at a scanning speed such that a product of the scanning speed and the pulse interval is less than about 1/100 of a dimension associated with beam cross-sectional area.

16. The method of claim 9 , further comprising amplifying in a fiber the second series of optical pulses, prior to converting from the first wavelength to the second wavelength, to increase optical gain.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the fiber is a double clad polarization maintaining Yb doped fiber selected from a 25 μm core/250 μm cladding diameter fiber with a peak pump absorption of about 11 dB/m at a pump wavelength of 976 nm, or a 10 μm core/125 μm cladding diameter fiber with a peak pump absorption of about 6.5 dB/m at a pump wavelength of 976 nm.