Flash cooling system for increased battery safety
In a battery pack having multiple battery cells distributed, for example, between multiple interconnected battery modules, a run-time cooling system is provided to cool (and/or heat) the battery cells during routine charging and discharging of the cells (e.g., powering a load such as a motor within an electric or hybrid-electric vehicle), and an emergency cooling system to cool the battery cells in response to a signal indicating detection of one or more conditions indicating possible thermal runaway within the battery cells or battery modules. The run-time cooling system, which may include a fan, HVAC unit or other fluid pumping device, induces continuous coolant flow within the battery pack (e.g., flow of air or other gaseous or liquid coolant). The emergency cooling system, by contrast, includes a mechanical interface or is otherwise adapted to receive a receptacle containing pressurized coolant or other flash-cooling device.
1. A battery pack comprising:
a plurality of battery cells;
a first cooling system to cool the battery cells during routine charging and discharging of the battery cells; and
a second cooling system to cool the battery cells in response to a signal indicating detection of one or more conditions indicating possible thermal runaway within the battery cells, the second cooling system having a coolant flow tube with at least one plug-free opening, the second cooling system having a coolant release device comprising a valve coupled to the coolant flow tube, the valve configured to exclude coolant from the coolant flow tube prior to the detection of the one or more conditions, the valve configured to admit the coolant to the coolant flow tube in response to the detection of the one or more conditions; and
wherein the plurality of battery cells comprises a plurality of subsets of batteries disposed in respective battery modules, and wherein each battery module includes a frame; and wherein the second cooling system comprises a plurality of coolant receptacles containing pressurized coolant, each coolant receptacle disposed to release the pressurized coolant within a respective one of the battery modules into the spaces between the battery cells.
2. The battery pack of claim 1 wherein the first cooling system comprises a fluid pumping device.
3. The battery pack of claim 2 wherein the fluid pumping device comprises a fan and wherein a fluid pumped by the fluid pumping device comprises air.
4. The battery pack of claim 1 wherein the frame includes the coolant flow tubes to distribute the pressurized coolant, when released from the corresponding coolant receptacle, throughout the battery module.
5. The battery pack of claim 1 further comprising a battery management system to enable operation of the first cooling system as necessary to maintain the battery pack within an operating temperature range, and to assert the signal indicating detection of one or more conditions indicating possible thermal runaway within the battery cells.
6. The battery pack of claim 5 further comprising one or more sensors disposed within the battery pack to detect the one or more conditions indicating possible thermal runaway and to signal the battery management system when the one or more conditions have been detected.
7. The battery pack of claim 5 wherein the battery management system comprises an interface to a vehicle management system.
8. The battery pack of claim 7 wherein the interface comprises an interface to a controller-area network bus.
9. The battery pack of claim 1 wherein when the coolant release device is enabled to release coolant within the battery pack, at least one of the plurality of a subset of batteries is rendered unavailable for discharging current to a load until the battery pack is serviced.
10. The battery pack of claim 1 wherein after the second cooling system is enabled to release coolant within the battery pack, one of either a replacement or coolant refill from a source external to the battery pack is required to restore the second cooling system device to full operability.