Microorganisms for the production of 1,4-butanediol

1. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having nucleic acids encoding enzymes of a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway, said microbial organism comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO, wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise (a) glutamate CoA transferase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.8.3.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (b) glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, said enzyme classified as EC 3.1.2.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (c) glutamyl-CoA ligase, said enzyme classified as EC 6.2.1.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (d) glutamate 5-kinase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.7.2.a and converting glutamate to glutamate-5-phosphate; (e) glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.d and converting glutamate-5-phosphate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde; (f) glutamyl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting glutamyl-CoA to glutamate-5-semialdehyde; (g) glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting glutamate-5-semialdehyde to 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid; (h) glutamyl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting glutamyl-CoA to 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid; (i) 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.4.1.a and converting 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid to 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid; (i) 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.6.1.a and converting 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid to 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid; (k) 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase, said enzyme classified as EC 4.1.1.a and converting 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid to 4-hydroxybutanal; and (1) 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.c and converting 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, and wherein said microbial organism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding an enzyme selected from (m) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 1,4-butanediol; (n) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 4-hydroxybutanal; and (o) 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutanal to 1,4-butanediol.

2. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having nucleic acids encoding enzymes of a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway, said microbial organism comprising at least four exogenous nucleic acids, each encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO, wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise (a) glutamate CoA transferase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.8.3.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (b) glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, said enzyme classified as EC 3.1.2.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (c) glutamyl-CoA ligase, said enzyme classified as EC 6.2.1.a and converting glutamate to glutamyl-CoA; (d) glutamate 5-kinase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.7.2.a and converting glutamate to glutamate-5-phosphate; (e) glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.d and converting glutamate-5-phosphate to glutamate-5-semialdehyde; (f) glutamyl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting glutamyl-CoA to glutamate-5-semialdehyde; (g) glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting glutamate-5-semialdehyde to 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid; (h) glutamyl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting glutamyl-CoA to 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid; (i) 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.4.1.a and converting 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid to 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid; (i) 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.6.1.a and converting 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid to 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid; (k) 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase, said enzyme classified as EC 4.1.1.a and converting 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid to 4-hydroxybutanal; and (1) 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.c and converting 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA.

3. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid.

4. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said non-naturally occurring microbial organism is in a substantially anaerobic culture medium.

5. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said microbial organism comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding 4-hydroxybutyryrl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

6. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said microbial organism comprises exogenous nucleic acids encoding 4-hydroxybutyryrl-CoA reductase and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

7. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate CoA transferase, glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, or glutamyl-CoA ligase; glutamyl-CoA reductase; glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase; 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

8. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate CoA transferase, glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, or glutamyl-CoA ligase; glutamyl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming); 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

9. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate 5-kinase; glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase; 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

10. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate CoA transferase, glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, or glutamyl-CoA ligase; glutamyl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming); 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

11. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 10 , wherein said microbial organism further comprises at least one nucleic acid encoding an enzyme selected from 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

12. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate 5-kinase; glutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase; 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

13. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 12 , wherein said microbial organism further comprises at least one nucleic acid encoding an enzyme selected from 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

14. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said microbial organism comprises five exogenous nucleic acids., each encoding a BDO pathway enzyme.

15. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate CoA transferase, glutamyl-CoA hydrolase, or glutamyl-CoA ligase; glutamyl-CoA reductase; glutamate-5-semialdehyde reductase; 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid oxidoreductase (deaminating) or 2-amino-5-hydroxypentanoic acid transaminase; and 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid decarboxylase or 5-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoic acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylation).

16. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said microbial organism further comprises at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding an enzyme selected from 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

17. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 16 , wherein said microbial organism comprises an exogenous nucleic acid encoding 4-hydroxybutyryrl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

18. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 16 , wherein said microbial organism comprises exogenous nucleic acids encoding 4-hydroxybutyryrl-CoA reductase and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

19. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid.

20. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 2 , wherein said non-naturally occurring microbial organism is in a substantially anaerobic culture medium.