Wafer level optical elements and applications thereof

1. A wafer level optical assembly comprising:

a first wafer;

a second wafer coupled to the first wafer;

a first optical element disposed in a perforation of the first wafer and coupled to the first wafer, the first optical element comprising a first optical surface with a first alignment structure, wherein the first alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the first optical surface and adjacent to the first wafer, and wherein the first alignment structure comprises a first protrusion; and

a second optical element disposed in a perforation of the second wafer and coupled to the second wafer, the second optical element comprising a second optical surface with a second alignment structure, wherein the second alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the second optical surface and adjacent to the second wafer, and wherein the second alignment structure comprises a second protrusion and a recess,

wherein the first protrusion is coupled with the recess such that the first alignment structure and the second alignment structure are in contact,

wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion are in contact, and

wherein the first protrusion is disposed in the recess between the second protrusion and the second wafer.

2. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein a perimeter of the first optical element comprises at least one planar surface.

3. The wafer level assembly of claim 2 , wherein a perimeter of the second optical element comprises at least one planar surface, and wherein the perimeter of the second optical element has a polygonal shape.

4. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein the perimeter of the first optical element has a polygonal shape, and wherein the first alignment structure is discontinuous around a clear aperture of the first optical element.

5. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first alignment structure is outside a clear aperture of the first optical element.

6. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 5 , wherein the first alignment structure is continuous around the clear aperture of the first optical element.

7. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 6 , wherein the second alignment structure is continuous around the clear aperture of the second optical element.

8. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 6 , wherein the second alignment structure is discontinuous around the clear aperture of the second optical element.

9. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first alignment structure comprises a plurality of discrete alignment structures.

10. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first protrusion is disposed along a portion of a concave portion of the first optical surface.

11. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 10 , wherein the second alignment structure comprises a second recess disposed along a portion of a convex portion of the second optical surface, and wherein the concave portion of the first optical surface faces the convex portion of the second optical surface.

12. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , further comprising:

a third wafer coupled to the second wafer; and

a third optical element disposed in a perforation of the third wafer and coupled to the third wafer, wherein the third optical element comprises a third optical surface with a third alignment structure, and wherein the third alignment structure is in contact with the second alignment structure.

13. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first alignment structure is adjacent to at least two opposite surfaces of the first wafer, and wherein the second alignment structure is adjacent to at least two opposite surfaces of the second wafer.

14. A method of producing an optical imaging apparatus comprising:

providing a first object side optical element in a perforation of an object side wafer, the first object side optical element comprising a first alignment structure, the first alignment structure comprising a first protrusion formed from a first optical surface of the first object side optical element, wherein the first alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the first optical surface and adjacent to the object side wafer;

providing an image side wafer comprising a first image side optical element, the first image side optical element comprising a second alignment structure, the second alignment structure comprising a second protrusion and a recess formed from a second optical surface of the first image side optical element, wherein the second alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the second optical surface and adjacent to the image side wafer;

after providing the singulated first object side optical element, positioning the first object side optical element over the image side wafer comprising the first image side optical element;

at least partially aligning the first protrusion with the image side wafer comprising the first image side optical element by bringing into contact the first protrusion, the recess, and the second protrusion to provide a first optical assembly at a first location on the image side wafer, wherein the first protrusion is disposed in the recess between the second protrusion and the image side wafer; and

coupling at least a portion of the object side wafer to at least a portion of the image side wafer.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first object side optical element comprises a perimeter having a polygonal shape, and wherein one or more optical properties of the first object side optical element are determined prior to positioning the first object side optical element over the first image side optical element.

16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising determining a focal length of the first optical assembly, calculating a focus compensation for the first optical assembly relative to an image plane and adjusting a height of the image side wafer at the first location to provide a focal point of the first optical assembly at or near the image plane, and singulating the first object side optical element prior to the coupling.

17. The method of claim 16 further comprising coupling a first electro-optical element to the first optical assembly.

18. The method of claim 14 further comprising singulating the first object side optical element prior to the coupling, providing a singulated second object side optical element comprising an alignment structure, providing a second image side optical element comprising an alignment structure and positioning the singulated second object side optical element over the second image side optical element on the image side wafer.

19. The method of claim 18 further comprising at least partially aligning the singulated second object side optical element with the second image side optical element by bringing into contact the alignment structure of the singulated second object side optical element with the alignment structure of the second image side optical element to provide a second optical assembly at a second location on the image side wafer.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein one or more optical properties of the singulated second object side optical element are determined prior to positioning the singulated second object side optical element over the second image side optical element.

21. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:

determining a focal length of the second optical assembly;

calculating a focus compensation for the second optical assembly relative to an image plane;

adjusting a height of the image side wafer at the second location to provide a focal point of the second optical assembly at or near the image plane; and

coupling a second electro-optical element to the second optical assembly.

22. A wafer level optical assembly comprising:

a first optical element comprising a first optical surface with a first alignment structure, wherein the first alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the first optical surface, and wherein the first alignment structure comprises a first protrusion; and

a second optical element comprising a second optical surface with a second alignment structure, wherein the second alignment structure is along at least a portion of a perimeter of the second optical surface, and wherein the second alignment structure comprises a second protrusion and a recess,

wherein the first protrusion is coupled with the recess such that the first alignment structure and the second alignment structure are in contact,

wherein the first protrusion and the second protrusion are in contact, and

wherein the first protrusion is disposed in the recess between the second protrusion and a raised edge of the perimeter of the second optical surface.

23. The wafer level optical assembly of claim 22 , further comprising:

a first wafer; and

a second wafer coupled to the first wafer,

wherein:

the first optical element is disposed in a perforation of the first wafer and coupled to the first wafer,

the first alignment structure is adjacent to the first wafer,

the second optical element is disposed in a perforation of the second wafer and coupled to the second wafer,

the second alignment structure is adjacent to the second wafer,

the first protrusion is disposed in the recess between the second protrusion and the second wafer, and

the first alignment structure further comprises a second recess disposed between the first wafer and the first protrusion.