System for forming an array of emulsions
System, including apparatus and methods, for forming an array of emulsions. The system may comprise a plate including an array of emulsion production units. Each unit may include at least one first input well, a second input well, and an output well connected to the first and second input wells by channels that form a droplet generator. The system also may comprise a vacuum or pressure source configured to be connected operatively to wells of the plate to form a pressure drop between the input wells and the output well of each unit that is capable of driving a first fluid and a second fluid from respective first and second input wells of such unit and through the droplet generator, for collection as an emulsion in the output well of such unit.
1. A system for forming an array of emulsions, comprising:
a plate including an array of emulsion production units, each unit including
at least one first input well to hold a continuous phase for an emulsion,
a second input well to hold a dispersed phase for an emulsion, and
an output well connected to the first and second input wells by a set of channels that form a channel junction, the set of channels including at least two input channels extending separately from the input wells to the channel junction and an output channel extending from the channel junction to the output well, each channel of the set of channels being circumferentially bounded; and
a vacuum or pressure source configured to be connected operatively to wells of the plate to form a pressure drop between the input wells and the output well of each unit to drive the continuous phase and the dispersed phase from the first and second input wells of the unit to the channel junction, at which droplets of the dispersed phase are generated, and through the output channel for collection in the output well of the unit.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the vacuum or pressure source controls air pressure in wells to which the source is configured to be connected operatively.
3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an instrument including the vacuum or pressure source and a manifold, wherein the vacuum or pressure source is configured to be connected operatively to wells of the plate via the manifold.
4. The system of claim 3 , further comprising one or more gaskets that engage the plate and the manifold to form a seal between the manifold and the wells of the plate to which the vacuum or pressure source is configured to be connected operatively.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the vacuum or pressure source is a vacuum source configured to form a pressure sink at the output wells of the plate when the vacuum source is connected operatively to the output wells.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the vacuum or pressure source is a pressure source configured to be connected operatively to input wells of the plate.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the wells of each unit include only one first input well configured to hold the continuous phase, and wherein a pair of channels of the set of channels of each unit extend separately from one another to the channel junction of such unit from the only one first input well.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plate includes a linear array of three or more emulsion production units.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein wells of the plate are spaced according to a well spacing of a standard microplate.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the second input well of each unit is disposed between the first input well and the output well of such unit.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first input well, the second input well, and the output well of each unit are arranged along a same line.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein each channel of the set of channels of each unit extends to the channel junction of such unit from a bottom region of a well and not a top region of the well.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plate includes an upper member attached to a lower member, wherein the upper member forms side walls of the wells of each unit and also forms top and side walls of each channel of the set of channels of each unit, and wherein the lower member extends under each well and channel of the unit to form a bottom wall of such well and channel.
14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the upper member is formed of an injection-molded polymer.
15. The system of claim 14 , wherein each of the upper and lower members is formed by a respective, continuous piece of material.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plate includes an upper member attached to a lower member, wherein the upper member includes upper and lower surfaces, wherein the upper member defines through-holes corresponding to the wells of each unit and extending from the upper surface to the lower surface and also defines grooves corresponding to the set of channels of each unit and formed in the lower surface, and wherein the lower member is attached to the upper member at the lower surface to form a bottom wall below each through-hole and groove.
17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the lower member is a sheet of material that is substantially thinner than the upper member.
18. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first input well of a unit contains a nonaqueous continuous phase, wherein the second input well of such unit contains an aqueous phase configured for PCR amplification, and wherein the output well of such unit contains an emulsion including droplets of the aqueous phase disposed in the nonaqueous continuous phase.
19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plate includes an upper member attached to a lower member to form an array of emulsion production units each configured to produce a separate emulsion, and wherein the lower member has an upper surface that is flat and that abuts a lower surface of the upper member to form a bottom wall of openings formed in the lower surface and corresponding to the wells and the channels of each unit.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein each of the upper and lower members is formed by a respective, continuous piece of material.
21. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one first input well of each emulsion production unit is not shared with other emulsion production units of the plate.