Traveling wave linear accelerator based x-ray source using current to modulate pulse-to-pulse dosage
Provided herein are systems and methods for operating a traveling wave linear accelerator to generate stable electron beams at two or more different intensities by varying the number of electrons injected into the accelerator structure during each pulse by varying the electron beam current applied to an electron gun.
1. A traveling wave linear accelerator comprising:
an electron gun modulator to adjust a beam current of electrons from an electron gun;
a frequency controller to determine a frequency of a signal to be generated;
an amplifier to adjust a power of the generated signal;
an intensity controller operatively associated with the electron gun modulator, the amplifier, and the frequency controller, wherein the intensity controller is to:
receive an intensity adjustment command to implement a particular intensity adjustment;
compute, based on the intensity adjustment command, a combination of an electron gun beam current, a radio frequency power, and a frequency adjustment factor that together produce the particular intensity adjustment;
transmit the computed electron gun beam current to the electron gun modulator, wherein the electron gun modulator is to receive the computed electron gun beam current and adjust the beam current of the electrons;
transmit the computed radio frequency power to the amplifier, wherein the amplifier is to receive the computed radio frequency power and adjust the power of the generated signal such that the traveling wave linear accelerator generates an output dose rate of electrons; and
transmit the computed frequency adjustment factor to the frequency controller;
a klystron to receive the generated signal having the adjusted power and to generate an electromagnetic wave;
an accelerator structure to receive the electromagnetic wave from the klystron and the electrons having the adjusted beam current and to accelerate the electrons and the electromagnetic wave to generate the output dose rate of electrons;
wherein the frequency controller is interfaced with an input and an output of the accelerator structure and is to compare a phase of the electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the output of the accelerator structure to detect a phase shift of the electromagnetic wave, and wherein the frequency controller is to receive the computed frequency adjustment factor and determine the frequency of the signal to be generated based on a combination of the computed frequency adjustment factor and the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave.
2. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , wherein an energy of the output dose rate is stable.
3. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , wherein the intensity controller further comprises an input device to receive the intensity adjustment command.
4. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , wherein the intensity controller is to compute the electron gun beam current, the radio frequency power, and the frequency adjustment factor using a lookup table.
5. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , wherein the intensity controller is to compute the electron gun beam current, the radio frequency power, and the frequency adjustment factor on a pulse-to-pulse basis.
6. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 5 , wherein an intensity of the output dose rate of a first pulse is different from an intensity of the output dose rate of a second pulse.
7. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 6 , wherein, during a single energy operation, an energy of the first pulse is substantially the same as an energy of the second pulse.
8. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 6 , wherein, during an interleaved energy operation, an energy of the first pulse is different from an energy of the second pulse.
9. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 8 , wherein, during the interleaved energy operation, an energy of a third pulse is substantially the same as the energy of the first pulse.
10. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , further comprising an oscillator to generate the signal at the frequency determined by the frequency controller.
11. A method comprising:
receiving, by an intensity controller of a traveling wave linear accelerator comprising an electron gun modulator, a frequency controller and an amplifier, an intensity adjustment command to implement a particular intensity adjustment;
computing, at the intensity controller and based on the intensity adjustment command, a combination of an electron gun beam current, a radio frequency power, and a frequency adjustment factor that together produce the particular intensity adjustment;
adjusting the beam current of electrons from the electron gun at the electron gun modulator using the computed electron gun beam current computed at the intensity controller,
determining the frequency of the signal to be generated at the frequency controller using the computed frequency adjustment factor computed at the intensity controller;
adjusting the power of the generated signal at the amplifier using the computed radio frequency power computed at the intensity controller; and
generating an output dose rate of electrons using the traveling wave linear accelerator.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein an energy of the output dose rate is stable.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the receiving comprises receiving the intensity adjustment command from an input device on the intensity controller.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the computing comprises computing the electron gun beam current, the radio frequency power, and the frequency adjustment factor using a lookup table.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein, during a single energy operation, an energy of a first pulse is substantially the same as an energy of a second pulse.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein, during an interleaved energy operation, an energy of a first pulse is different from an energy of a second pulse.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the generating comprises generating an output dose rate of a first pulse having a first intensity and generating an output dose rate of a second pulse having a second intensity different from the first intensity.
18. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions that, when executed by a processor of a traveling wave linear accelerator, cause the processor to perform operations comprising:
receiving, by the processor, an intensity adjustment command to implement a particular intensity adjustment;
computing, by the processor and based on the intensity adjustment command, a combination of an electron gun beam current, a radio frequency power, and a frequency adjustment factor that together produce the particular intensity adjustment;
transmitting the computed electron gun beam current to an electron gun modulator, wherein the electron gun modulator is to adjust a beam current of electrons from an electron gun using the computed electron gun beam current computed at the intensity controller,
transmitting the computed frequency adjustment factor to a frequency controller, wherein the frequency controller is to determine a frequency of a signal to be generated using the computed frequency adjustment factor computed at the intensity controller; and
transmitting the computed radio frequency power to an amplifier, wherein the amplifier is to adjust a power of the generated signal using the computed radio frequency power computed at the intensity controller;
wherein the traveling wave linear accelerator is to generate an output dose rate of electrons at the adjusted beam current, the determined frequency, and the adjusted power.
19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18 , wherein the computer readable medium and the processor comprise a programmable logic controller or personal computer.
20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 19 , wherein the intensity controller is integrated in the programmable logic controller or the personal computer.
21. A traveling wave linear accelerator comprising:
an electron gun;
an electron gun modulator operatively coupled to the electron gun to adjust a beam current of the electron gun;
a frequency controller to determine a frequency of a signal to be generated;
an amplifier to adjust a power of the generated signal; and
an intensity controller, operatively coupled to the electron gun modulator, the frequency controller and the amplifier, to receive an intensity adjustment command to implement a particular intensity adjustment and to compute, based on the intensity adjustment command, a combination of an electron gun beam current, a radio frequency power, and a frequency adjustment factor that together produce the particular intensity adjustment,
wherein the computed electron gun beam current is to be provided to the electron gun modulator, the computed radio frequency power is to be provided to the amplifier and the computed frequency adjustment factor is to be provided to the frequency controller, and wherein an output dose rate of electrons is to be generated by the traveling wave linear accelerator based on the computed electron gun beam current, the computed radio frequency power, and the computed frequency adjustment factor.
22. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 21 , wherein the intensity controller is a computer.
23. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 21 , wherein the intensity controller comprises a programmable logic controller.
24. The method of claim 11 , the method further comprising:
receiving, at a klystron, the generated signal having the adjusted power;
generating, at the klystron, an electromagnetic wave based on the adjusted power;
receiving, at an accelerator structure, the electromagnetic wave from the klystron and the electrons having the adjusted beam current; and
accelerating, at the accelerator structure, the electrons and the electromagnetic wave to generate the output dose rate of electrons;
wherein the frequency controller is interfaced with an input and an output of the accelerator structure and is to compare a phase of the electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the output of the accelerator structure to detect a phase shift of the electromagnetic wave, and wherein the frequency controller is to receive the determined frequency adjustment factor and determine the frequency of the signal to be generated based on a combination of the frequency adjustment factor and the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave.
25. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 18 , the operations further comprising:
receiving, at a klystron, the generated signal having the adjusted power;
generating, at the klystron, an electromagnetic wave based on the adjusted power;
receiving, at an accelerator structure, the electromagnetic wave from the klystron and the electrons having the adjusted beam current; and
accelerating, at the accelerator structure, the electrons and the electromagnetic wave to generate the output dose rate of electrons;
wherein the frequency controller is interfaced with an input and an output of the accelerator structure and is to compare a phase of the electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the output of the accelerator structure to detect a phase shift of the electromagnetic wave, and wherein the frequency controller is to receive the determined frequency adjustment factor and determine the frequency of the signal to be generated based on a combination of the frequency adjustment factor and the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave.