Systems and methods for immobilization using pulse series
A cartridge for a system that uses a stimulus signal for immobilizing a human or animal target includes a propellant and a projectile propelled away from about the cartridge by the propellant. The projectile includes a power supply, a waveform generator, and several electrodes. The waveform generator is powered by the power supply. The waveform generator includes a processor. The electrodes complete a stimulus delivery circuit to conduct a current through the target. The waveform generator generates the current to include a first series of pulses and a second series of pulses. The second series begins after the first series is completed. The first series has a first pulse repetition rate determined by the processor. Each pulse of the first series has a first pulse width of from about 10 to about 1000 microseconds. Each pulse of the first series delivers through the target a first charge per pulse of from about 50 to about 500 microcoulombs. The second series has a second pulse repetition rate determined by the processor to be less than the first pulse repetition rate. Each pulse of the second series delivers through the target a charge greater than a minimum charge per pulse. A product of the second pulse repetition rate and the minimum charge per pulse is greater than 250.
1. A cartridge comprising:
a. a propellant; and
b. a projectile propelled away from the cartridge by the propellant, the projectile comprising:
(1) a power supply;
(2) a waveform generator powered by the power supply, the waveform generator comprising a processor; and
(3) a plurality of electrodes to conduct a current through a human or animal target, wherein
c. the waveform generator generates the current comprising a first series of pulses and a second series of pulses, the second series beginning after the first series is completed;
d. the first series has a first pulse repetition rate determined by the processor, each pulse of the first series having a first pulse width of from about 10 to about 1000 microseconds, each pulse of the first series delivering through the target a first charge per pulse of from about 50 to about 500 microcoulombs; and
e. the second series has a second pulse repetition rate determined by the processor to be less than the first pulse repetition rate, each pulse of the second series delivering through the target a charge greater than a minimum charge per pulse, a product of the second pulse repetition rate and the minimum charge per pulse being greater than 250.
2. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first pulse repetition rate is from about 5 to about 50 pulses per second.
3. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first pulse repetition rate is about 20 pulses per second.
4. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first pulse width is from about 20 to about 500 microseconds.
5. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first pulse width is from about 30 to about 200 microseconds.
6. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first pulse width is about 100 microseconds.
7. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first charge per pulse is from about 50 to about 150 microcoulombs.
8. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first series is completed in from about 1 to about 5 seconds.
9. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the first series is completed in about 2 seconds.
10. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second pulse repetition rate is from about 5 to about 15 pulses per second.
11. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second pulse repetition rate is about 10 pulses per second.
12. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second pulse width is from about 10 to about 1000 microseconds.
13. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second pulse width is about 50 microseconds.
14. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the minimum charge per pulse is from about 30 to about 100 microcoulombs.
15. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the minimum charge per pulse is about 50 microcoulombs.
16. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second series is completed in from about 20 to about 40 seconds.
17. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second series is completed in about 28 seconds.
18. The cartridge of claim 1 wherein the second series begins from about 1 to about 5 seconds after the first series is completed.