Low-voltage alkaline production using hydrogen and electrocatalytic electrodes

1. A system comprising:

a hydrogen-oxidizing anode comprising a solid support, a mesh/guage support between the solid support and fiber support wherein the solid support and the mesh/guage support comprise electrically conductive metal, fiber support wherein the fiber support comprises carbon fiber, carbon fiber paper, carbon fabric, carbon nanowebbing, carbon nanotube, or combinations thereof and electrocatalyst particles wherein the electrocatalyst particles are provided on the solid support, the mesh/guage support, the fiber support, or combinations thereof, wherein the hydrogen-oxidizing anode is in communication with an anode electrolyte, and wherein the electrocatalyst is configured to catalyze oxidation of hydrogen gas to form hydrogen ions without forming a gas.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a cathode in communication with a cathode electrolyte wherein the cathode is configured to form hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the cathode electrolyte comprises added carbon dioxide.

4. The system of claim 2 , further comprising a carbon sequestration system configured to receive the cathode electrolyte and sequester carbon dioxide with the cathode electrolyte.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein carbon dioxide is contained in an industrial waste gas.

6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the carbon dioxide is sequestered as carbonates and/or bicarbonates comprising calcium ions and/or magnesium ions.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrocatalyst is selected from platinum, single-crystal nickel, Raney nickel, platinized nickel, metal carbide, platinum group metal alloy, transition metal, nickel alloy, sintered nickel, platinum group metal, gold, silver, precious or non-precious chalcogenides, discrete macrocyclic complex of transition metals, biological complexes and combinations thereof.

8. The system of claim 1 , comprising an acid in the anode electrolyte.

9. The system of claim 8 , further comprising an acid dissolution system configured to receive the anode electrolyte and wherein the anode electrolyte is configured to dissolve mineral and produce divalent cations comprising calcium ions or magnesium ions.

10. The system of claim 8 , wherein the acid dissolution system is configured to provide divalent cations to a carbon sequestration system.

11. The system of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the anode that interfaces with the hydrogen gas is hydrophobic and a portion of the anode that interfaces with the anode electrolyte is hydrophilic.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive metal comprises titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium or semiconductor material.

13. A system comprising:

an electrochemical unit comprising an anode compartment comprising a hydrogen-oxidizing anode comprising a solid support, a mesh/guage support between the solid support and fiber support wherein the solid support and the mesh/guage support comprise electrically conductive metal, fiber support wherein the fiber support comprises carbon fiber, carbon fiber paper, carbon fabric, carbon nanowebbing, carbon nanotube, or combinations thereof and electrocatalyst particles wherein the electrocatalyst particles are provided on the solid support, the mesh/guage support, the fiber support, or combination thereof, and a cathode compartment comprising a cathode in a cathode electrolyte, wherein the hydrogen-oxidizing anode is in communication with an anode electrolyte, and wherein the electrocatalyst is configured to catalyze oxidation of hydrogen gas to form hydrogen ions without forming a gas,

a hydrogen gas delivery system configured to deliver hydrogen gas to the anode, and

a carbon sequestration system operably connected to the electrochemical unit and configured to sequester carbon dioxide with the cathode electrolyte.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the hydrogen gas delivery system is configured to provide hydrogen gas from the cathode to the anode.

15. The system of claim 13 , wherein the cathode electrolyte comprises hydroxide ions and/or bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions.

16. The system of claim 13 , wherein the cathode electrolyte further comprises added carbon dioxide.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein the electrochemical unit is configured to produce bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, and/or hydroxide ions and hydrogen gas at the cathode, and the protons at the anode by a voltage applied across the anode and cathode, without producing a gas at the anode.

18. The system of claim 13 , wherein electrocatalyst is selected from platinum, single-crystal nickel, Raney nickel, platinized nickel, metal carbide, platinum group metal alloy, transition metal, nickel alloy, sintered nickel, platinum group metals, gold, silver, precious or non-precious chalcogenides, discrete macrocyclic complex of transition metals, biological complexes, and combinations thereof and wherein the electrocatalyst is configured to catalyze oxidation of hydrogen gas to protons at the anode.

19. The system of claim 13 , wherein the carbon dioxide is sequestered as magnesium and/or calcium carbonates and/or bicarbonates.

20. The system of claim 13 , comprising an acid in the anode electrolyte and an acid dissolution system configured to dissolve mineral with the acid and produce divalent cations comprising calcium ions and/or magnesium ions.

21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the acid dissolution system is configured to provide divalent cations to a carbon sequestration system.

22. The system of claim 13 , wherein a portion of the anode that interfaces with the hydrogen gas is hydrophobic and a portion of the anode that interfaces with the anode electrolyte is hydrophilic.

23. The system of claim 13 , wherein the electrically conductive metal comprises titanium, tantalum, niobium, zirconium or semiconductor material.