Planar anode for use in a wet electrolytic capacitor
A relatively thin planar anode for use in a wet electrolytic capacitor is provided. Through a combination of specific materials and processing techniques, the present inventors have surprisingly discovered that the resulting anode may possess a high volumetric efficiency, yet still be able to operate at a high voltage and capacitance, resulting in a capacitor with a high energy density. The anode is a pressed pellet formed from an electrically conductive powder that contains a plurality of particles (including agglomerates thereof) having a flake-like morphology. The present inventors have discovered that such a morphology can optimize packing density, which reduces the thickness of the anode and improves volumetric efficiency. Such particles can provide a short transmission line between the outer surface and interior of the anode and a highly continuous and dense wire-to-anode connection with high conductivity. The particles may also increase the breakdown voltage and help lower ESR.
1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising:
a planar anode having a length of from about 20 millimeters to about 50 millimeters and a thickness, wherein the ratio of the length of the anode to the thickness of the anode is from about 7 to about 20, wherein the anode includes an anodically oxidized pellet formed from a pressed and sintered electrically conductive powder, wherein the powder is formed from a plurality of flake particles having an aspect ratio of from about 2 to about 100;
a cathode that comprises a metal substrate coated with an electrochemically active material; and
an aqueous electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode, wherein the electrolyte has a pH of from about 4.5 to about 7.0, and wherein the ratio of the voltage to which the capacitor is capable of being charged to the voltage at which the dielectric layer is formed is greater than about 1.
2. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein powder is formed from a plurality of flake particles having an aspect ratio of from about 4 to about 30.
3. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the anode has a D-shape.
4. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal substrate includes titanium.
5. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically-active material includes a conductive polymer.
6. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 5 , wherein the conductive polymer is a substituted polythiophene.
7. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 6 , wherein the substituted polythiophene is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene).
8. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the pH is from about 5.0 to about 6.5.
9. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor contains only a single anode.
10. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the voltage to which the capacitor is capable of being charged is from about 180 volts to about 280 volts.
11. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor exhibits a volumetric efficiency of from 80,000 μF*V/cm 3 to about 150,000 μFV/cm 3 , determined at a frequency of 120 Hz and temperature of 25° C.
12. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor exhibits an energy density of from about 3.5 J/cm 3 to about 10.0 J/cm 3 , determined at a frequency of 120 Hz and temperature of 25° C.
13. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor exhibits a breakdown voltage of about 200 volts or more.
14. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor exhibits an equivalent series resistance of from about 1 to about 4,500 milliohms, determined at a frequency of 120 Hz.
15. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the powder has a bulk density of from about 0.1 to about 2 grams per cubic centimeter.
16. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average size of from about 0.1 to about 100 micrometers.
17. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1 , wherein the particles have a specific surface area of from about 0.5 to about 10.0 meters squared per gram.