Microorganisms for the production of 1,4-butanediol

1. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having nucleic acids encoding enzymes of a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway, said microbial organism comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO, wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.4.1.a and converting alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate; glutamate decarboxylase, said enzyme classified as EC 4.1.1.a and converting glutamate to 4-aminobutyrate; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.4.1.a and converting 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde; and 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting succinate semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate; and wherein said BDO pathway enzymes further comprise:

(a) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.7.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.3.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a converting 4-hydroxybutanal to 1,4-butanediol;

(b) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.8.3.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, said enzyme classified as EC 3.1.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase, said enzyme classified as EC 6.2.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase;

(c) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 1,4-butanediol;

(d) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.d and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase; or

(e) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

2. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid.

3. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate decarboxylase; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating); 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

4. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate decarboxylase; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating); 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

5. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate decarboxylase; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating); 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

6. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate decarboxylase; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating); 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

7. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 1 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise glutamate dehydrogenase; glutamate decarboxylase; 4-aminobutyrate oxidoreductase (deaminating); 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

8. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having nucleic acids encoding enzymes of a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway, said microbial organism comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO, wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, said enzyme classified as EC 4.1.1.a and converting alpha-ketoglutarate to succinate semialdehyde, or glutamate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.4.1.a and converting alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate, glutamate decarboxylase, said enzyme classified as EC 4.1.1.a and converting glutamate to 4-aminobutyrate, and 4-aminobutyrate transaminase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.6.1.a and converting 4-aminobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde; and 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting succinate semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate; and wherein said BDO pathway enzymes further comprise:

(a) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase, said enzyme classified as EC 6.2.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a converting 4-hydroxybutanal to 1,4-butanediol;

(b) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.8.3.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, said enzyme classified as EC 3.1.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 1,4-butanediol;

(c) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.7.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.d and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase; or

(d) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.3.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

9. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 8 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid.

10. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 8 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, or glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate decarboxylase, and 4-aminobutyrate transaminase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

11. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 8 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, or glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate decarboxylase, and 4-aminobutyrate transaminase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

12. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 8 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, or glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate decarboxylase, and 4-aminobutyrate transaminase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

13. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 8 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase, or glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate decarboxylase, and 4-aminobutyrate transaminase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

14. A non-naturally occurring microbial organism having nucleic acids encoding enzymes of a 1,4-butanediol (BDO) pathway, said microbial organism comprising at least one exogenous nucleic acid encoding a BDO pathway enzyme expressed in a sufficient amount to produce BDO, wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.c and converting alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA; CoA-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting succinyl-CoA to succinate semialdehyde; and 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a and converting succinate semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate; and wherein said BDO pathway enzymes further comprise:

(a) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase, said enzyme classified as EC 6.2.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.b and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase, said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.a converting 4-hydroxybutanal to 1,4-butanediol;

(b) 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.8.3.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, said enzyme classified as EC 3.1.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming), said enzyme classified as EC 1.1.1.c and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA to 1,4-butanediol;

(c) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.7.2.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyrate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating), said enzyme classified as EC 1.2.1.d and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutanal; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase; or

(d) 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase, said enzyme classified as EC 2.3.1.a and converting 4-hydroxybutyryl-phosphate to 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

15. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 14 , wherein said at least one exogenous nucleic acid is a heterologous nucleic acid.

16. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 14 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; CoA-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase; and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

17. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 14 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; CoA-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA transferase, 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA hydrolase, or 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ligase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).

18. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 14 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; CoA-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; 4-hydroxybutanal dehydrogenase (phosphorylating); and 1,4-butanediol dehydrogenase.

19. The non-naturally occurring microbial organism of claim 14 , wherein said BDO pathway enzymes comprise alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; CoA-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; 4-hydroxybutyrate kinase; phosphotrans-4-hydroxybutyrylase; and 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA reductase (alcohol forming).