Systems and methods for compressed-gas energy storage using coupled cylinder assemblies

1. A method for energy storage and recovery suitable for the efficient use and conservation of energy resources, the method comprising:

at least one of expanding or compressing a gas via reciprocal motion within a pneumatic cylinder assembly, the reciprocal motion arising from or being converted into rotary motion, whereby energy is recovered and stored during expansion and compression of the gas, respectively; and

during the at least one of expansion or compression, exchanging heat with the gas by spraying a heat-transfer liquid into the gas via a spray mechanism in order to maintain the gas at a substantially constant temperature, thereby increasing efficiency of the energy recovery and storage,

wherein (i) the spray mechanism comprises at least one of a spray head or a spray rod fluidly connected to a circulation mechanism configured to circulate the heat-transfer liquid into the pneumatic cylinder assembly via the spray mechanism at high pressures ranging between 300 psi and 3000 psi, (ii) the heat exchanging is performed by a heat-exchange subsystem, and (iii) a control system controls the pneumatic cylinder assembly and the heat-exchange subsystem to enforce substantially isothermal expansion or compression of the gas.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reciprocal motion arises from or is converted into rotary motion of a motor/generator, thereby consuming or generating electricity.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reciprocal motion arises from or is converted into rotary motion by a transmission mechanism.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a crankshaft.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a crankshaft and a gear box.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the transmission mechanism comprises a crankshaft and a continuously variable transmission.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas is expanded via reciprocal motion, and further comprising venting the expanded gas to the atmosphere.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas is compressed via reciprocal motion, and further comprising storing the compressed gas in a compressed-gas reservoir.

9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the at least one of expansion or compression comprises at least one of expanding or compressing the gas progressively within the pneumatic cylinder assembly and at least one additional cylinder, the pneumatic cylinder assembly and the at least one additional cylinder forming a plurality of cylinders coupled in series pneumatically.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of cylinders are mechanically coupled to the crankshaft in parallel.

11. The method of claim 4 , wherein (i) the pneumatic cylinder assembly comprises a first compartment, a second compartment, and a piston separating the compartments, and (ii) the piston is mechanically coupled to the crankshaft via a crosshead linkage.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the pneumatic cylinder assembly is oriented substantially vertically and substantially perpendicular to the crankshaft.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein exchanging heat with the gas comprises circulating the gas to an external heat exchanger during the at least one of expansion or compression.

14. The method of claim 2 , wherein the at least one of expansion or compression is performed over a range of pressures, and further comprising maintaining substantially constant power to or from the motor/generator.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein (i) energy stored during compression of the gas originates from an intermittent renewable energy source of wind or solar energy, and (ii) energy is recovered via expansion of the gas when the intermittent renewable energy source is nonfunctional.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the crosshead linkage comprises a cylinder rod coupled to the piston, and further comprising preventing lateral forces from acting on the cylinder rod.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat-transfer liquid comprises water.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reciprocal motion comprises movement of at least a portion of a cylinder rod into the pneumatic cylinder assembly via at least one of a gasket or a seal.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein, for the at least one of expansion or compression, a ratio of maximum pressure within the pneumatic cylinder assembly to minimum pressure within the pneumatic cylinder assembly is greater than or approximately equal to 10.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pneumatic cylinder assembly is single-acting.