Crystallization methods for preparing group IBIIIAVIA thin film solar absorbers

1. A method of forming a doped Group IBIIIAVIA absorber layer on a base, the method comprising:

depositing a precursor layer on the base, the precursor layer comprising a Group IB material film including Cu, a Group IIIA material film including at least one of In and Ga, a Group VIA material film including Se and a dopant material film that includes at least one of Na, K and Li;

partially reacting the precursor layer at a first temperature range to form a doped semi absorber layer, wherein the step of partially reacting the precursor layer causes at least some of the dopant material to diffuse to at least a top surface of the doped semi absorber layer and form a dopant material rich film theron;

applying a surface treatment to remove at least some of the dopant material rich film from the top surface of the doped semi-absorber layer, the surface treatment including applying a liquid including water to the top surface to remove the dopant material rich film, wherein the liquid has a pH of 1 to 4; and

reacting the doped semi-absorber layer, after removing the at least some of the dopant material rich film, at a second temperature range to form a doped Group IBIIIAVIA absorber layer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing the precursor layer comprises the steps of:

depositing a metallic stack including at least one Cu film, In film and Ga film;

depositing the dopant material film over the metallic stack; and

depositing a first Se film on the dopant material film.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of depositing the precursor layer further comprises the step of depositing a second Se film on the metallic stack prior to depositing the dopant material film.

4. The method claim of 1 , wherein the liquid comprise complexing agents selected from tartaric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, ethylenediamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, and hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid further comprise organic ingredients selected from ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid further comprise surfactants in the form of anionic, cationic, zwitterionic and non-anionic surfactants of mixtures of these.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of applying the surface treatment includes applying water to the top surface to remove the dopant material rich film.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of partially reacting is performed at the first temperature range of 250-450° C.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of partially reacting is performed at the second temperature range of 250-550° C.

10. The method of claim 1 further including applying a surface detection process to detect at least some of the dopant material on the top surface before and after the step of applying the surface treatment.

11. The method of claim 1 further including applying a surface detection process to detect at least some of the dopant material on the top surface after the step of applying the surface treatment.

12. A method of forming a doped Group IBIIIAVIA absorber layer for a solar cell on a base, the method comprising:

depositing a precursor layer on the base, the precursor layer comprising a Group IB material film, a Group IIIA material film, a Group VIA material film and a dopant material film;

annealing the precursor layer on the base to form the doped Group IBIIIAVIA absorber layer wherein the annealing of the precursor layer induces diffusion of the dopant to an exposed surface of the absorber layer;

interrupting the annealing of the precursor layer to remove at least some of the dopant from the exposed surface of the absorber layer, wherein the step of removing the dopant includes applying a liquid including water to remove at least some of the dopant, the liquid having a pH of 1 to 4; and

annealing the precursor layer to continue to form the doped Group IBIIIAVIA absorber following removal of at least some of the dopant from the exposed surface.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the precursor layer comprises comprising a Group IB material film including Cu, a Group IIIA material film including at least one of In and Ga, a Group VIA material film including Se and a dopant material film that includes at least one of Na, K and Li.

14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of depositing the precursor layer comprises the steps of:

depositing a metallic stack including at least one Cu film, In film and Ga film;

depositing the dopant material film over the metallic stack; and

depositing a first Se film on the dopant material film.

15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of depositing the precursor layer further comprises the step of depositing a second Se film on the metallic stack prior to depositing the dopant material film.

16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of annealing is performed at the first temperature range of 250-450° C.

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the step of annealing is performed at the second temperature range of 250-550° C.