Thermal insulating fluids
View Patent ↗Aqueous and substantially anhydrous fluids having particularly low thermal conductivities and variable densities are disclosed. The fluids include: one or more organic and/or inorganic salts and at least one aprotic polar organic solvent, a mixture of aprotic and protic polar organic solvents, and/or a polar organic solvent having both protic and aprotic polar functional group linkages. The fluids optionally include one or more viscosifying agents and are free of cross-linking agents. Methods for formulating and using the fluids are also disclosed.
1. A fluid formulated to have low thermal conductivity, the fluid comprising a mixture of
one or more salts selected from the group consisting of: an inorganic salt, an organic salt, and mixtures thereof; and
one or more aprotic polar organic solvents and one or more protic polar solvents, wherein the aprotic polar organic solvents comprises about 20% to about 80% of the mixture of aprotic polar organic solvents and one or more protic polar organic solvents such that the ratio of the concentration of the aprotic polar solvents to the concentration of protic polar organic solvents in the mixture is in the range of about 1:4 to about 4:1 in order to lower the thermal conductivity of the mixture,
the one or more salts are added in amounts sufficient to maintain the density of the fluid between about 9.0 lb/gal to about 18.0 lb/gal, and
wherein the fluid is devoid of an amine solvent additive.
2. The fluid of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents has an electric dipole moment at about 25° C. that is about 2.0 Debyes or larger.
3. The fluid of claim 2 , wherein each of the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents comprises one or more types of aprotic polar functional group linkages, each aprotic linkage being selected from the group consisting of: an amide linkage, a nitrile linkage, an ether linkage, a ketone linkage, and cyclic forms thereof.
4. The fluid of claim 3 , wherein at least one of the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents comprises a hydrocarbon chain having at least three carbon atoms, the hydrocarbon chain being associated with an aprotic functional group linkage.
5. The fluid of claim 4 , wherein the hydrocarbon chain comprises at least four carbon atoms.
6. The fluid of claim 1 , wherein the one or more salts are selected from the group consisting of: halides of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, formates of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, acetates of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, and combination or mixtures thereof.
7. The fluid of claim 6 , wherein the one or more salts are introduced to the formulation in the form of an aqueous brine solution.
8. The fluid of claim 1 , wherein the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of: 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, derivatives of 2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monobutyl ether diethylene glycol acetate, and diethylene glycol dibenzoate, cyclohexanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
9. The fluid of claim 1 , further comprising:
one or more viscosifying agents; and
water sufficient to hydrate or solubilize the one or more viscosifying agents.
10. The fluid of claim 9 , wherein the one or more viscosifying agents are selected from the group consisting of: scleroglucan, polyacrylic polymers and derivatives thereof, inorganic polymers, mixtures of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, co-polymers of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, polymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, polymers of polyacrylic derivatives, polymers having cationic monomeric species, polymers having anionic monomeric species, a mixture of one or more polymers and one or more salts, and mixtures, combinations, and derivatives thereof.
11. The fluid of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is free of a cross-linking agent.
12. The fluid of claim 1 , wherein the fluid is introduced into a wellbore for use as at least one of: a fracturing fluid, an insulating fluid, a packer fluid, a completion fluid, a workover fluid, and a drilling fluid.
13. A fluid formulated to have low thermal conductivity, the fluid comprising a mixture of:
one or more salts selected from the group consisting of: an inorganic salt, an organic salt, and mixtures thereof; and
one or more aprotic polar organic solvents and one or more protic polar solvents, wherein the aprotic polar organic solvents comprise about 20% to about 80% of the mixture of aprotic polar organic solvents and one or more protic polar organic solvents such that the ratio of the concentration of the aprotic polar solvents to the concentration of protic polar organic solvents in the mixture is in the range of about 1:4 to about 4:1 to lower the thermal conductivity of the mixture,
wherein the fluid is devoid of an amine solvent additive, and
wherein the fluid further comprises one or more viscosifying agents.
14. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein each of the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents has an electric dipole moment at about 25° C. that is about 2.0 Debyes or larger.
15. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein each of the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents comprises one or more types of aprotic polar functional group linkages, each aprotic linkage being selected from the group consisting of: an amide linkage, a nitrile linkage, an ether linkage, a ketone linkage, and cyclic forms thereof.
16. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein the one or more salts are selected from the group consisting of: halides of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, formates of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, acetates of alkali, alkaline earth and transition metals, and combination or mixtures thereof.
17. The fluid of claim 16 , wherein the one or more salts are introduced to the formulation in the form of an aqueous brine solution.
18. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein the one or more aprotic polar organic solvents are selected from the group consisting of: 2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, derivatives of 2-pyrrolidone, dimethyl ether tetraethylene glycol, monobutyl ether diethylene glycol acetate, and diethylene glycol dibenzoate, cyclohexanone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetone, diethyl ether, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, and mixtures or combinations thereof.
19. The fluid of claim 13 , further comprising water sufficient to hydrate or solubilize the one or more viscosifying agents.
20. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein the one or more viscosifying agents are selected from the group consisting of: scleroglucan, polyacrylic polymers and derivatives thereof, inorganic polymers, mixtures of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, co-polymers of acrylic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, polymers of vinyl pyrrolidone, polymers of polyacrylic derivatives, polymers having cationic monomeric species, polymers having anionic monomeric species, a mixture of one or more polymers and one or more salts, and mixtures, combinations, and derivatives thereof.
21. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein the fluid is free of a cross-linking agent.
22. The fluid of claim 13 , wherein the fluid is introduced into a wellbore for use as at least one of: a fracturing fluid, an insulating fluid, a packer fluid, a completion fluid, a workover fluid, and a drilling fluid.