Methods and apparatus for ultra-sensitive temperature detection using resonant devices
Methods, apparatus, and systems to improve thermal sensitivity of resonant circuits. One aspect utilizes tracking near-resonance complex impedance for a quartz resonator based calorimeter sensor to derive ultra-sensitive temperature measurement from the sensor. Another aspect includes a quartz resonant or -based calorimetric sensor placed close to but not touching the analyte being measured to eliminate mass loading effect on the temperature measurement.
1. A method of ultra-sensitive temperature measurement comprising:
a. placing a quartz resonator-based calorimetric sensor having a resonant frequency that varies with temperature near a measurement location;
b. obtaining a measurand related to impedance or admittance of the sensor at a fixed reference frequency;
c. converting the obtained measurand to a temperature value;
d. wherein the measurand comprises one of impedance, phase of impedance, admittance, phase of admittance, the real or imaginary part of impedance, the real or imaginary part of admittance, and network analysis; and
e. wherein the reference frequency is set by:
i. obtaining a plot of real and imaginary components of impedance or admittance for the sensor over a range of frequencies at and near resonant frequency of the sensor, the imaginary component comprising two inflection points;
ii. selecting a frequency between the two inflection points of the imaginary component.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein sensor comprises a Y-cut quartz resonator having a resonant frequency, the reference frequency is offset from the sensor resonant frequency, and the measurand comprises a component of complex impedance or admittance.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of additional said sensors and simultaneously tracking the measurand and converting the measurand to a temperature value for each of the plurality of additional sensors.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the sensor and the plurality of additional sensors are fabricated in a sensor array.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the measurement location is at a reaction chamber assembly.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the reaction chamber assembly comprises an array of a plurality of reaction chambers, where each said reaction chamber of the reaction chamber array is placed close to at least one sensor of the sensor a such that:
a. heat of reaction, specific heat changes, or calorimetric measurement of an analyte in each reaction chamber of a reaction in a said reaction chamber is derived by tracking the measurand with a said sensor at said reaction chamber
i. by coupling of heat to the sensor including radiative transfer of energy; but
ii. with sufficient separation between said sensor and said reaction Chamber to allow for decoupling of any mass loading effect on the sensor;
iii. to promote maximum energy transfer from the analyte to the sensor.
7. The method of claim 6 further comprising aligning the reaction chamber and sensor arrays for temperature sensing of plural analytes.
8. The method of claim 1 applied to temperature measurement in:
a. infrared imaging,
b. biomedical sensing, or
c. calorimetric sensing applications.
9. A method of ultra-sensitive temperature measurement comprising:
a. placing a quartz resonator-based calorimetric sensor having a resonant frequency that varies with temperature near a measurement location;
b. obtaining a measurand related to impedance or admittance of the sensor at a fixed reference frequency; and
c. converting the obtained measurand to a temperature value;
d. further comprising a plurality of additional said sensors and simultaneously tracking the measurand and converting the measurand to a temperature value for each of the plurality of additional sensors, wherein the sensor and the plurality of additional sensors are fabricated in a sensor array, wherein the measurement locations for the sensor and the additional sensors are at a reaction chamber assembly, and wherein the reaction chamber assembly comprises an array of a plurality of reaction chambers, where each said reaction chamber of the reaction chamber array is placed close to at least one sensor of the sensor array, such that:
a. heat of reaction, specific heat changes, or calorimetric measurement of an analyte in each reaction chamber of a reaction in a said reaction chamber is derived by tracking the measurand with a said sensor at said reaction chamber
i. by coupling of heat to the sensor including radiative transfer of energy; but
ii. with sufficient separation between said sensor and said reaction chamber to allow for decoupling of any mass loading effect on the sensor;
iii. to promote maximum energy transfer from the analyte to the sensor.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising aligning the reaction chamber and sensor arrays for temperature sensing of plural analytes.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein sensor comprises a Y-cut quartz resonator having a resonant frequency, the reference frequency is offset from the sensor resonant frequency, and the measurand comprises a component of complex impedance or admittance.
12. The method of claim 9 wherein the measurand comprises one of
a. impedance,
b. phase of impedance,
c. admittance,
d. phase of admittance,
e. the real or imaginary part of impedance,
f. the real or imaginary part of admittance, and
g. network analysis.
13. The method of claim 9 further comprising setting the reference frequency by:
a. obtaining a plot of real and imaginary components of impedance or admittance for the sensor over a range of frequencies at and near resonant frequency of the sensor, the imaginary component comprising two inflection points;
b. selecting a frequency between the two inflection points of the imaginary component.