Microbial Treatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Aspects of the present invention relate to methods of microbially treating lignocellulosic biomass using cellulose- and/or hemicellulose-degrading bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbially treated material is then subjected to thermal and/or chemical pretreatment. In tandem with the microbial treatment the thermal and/or chemical pretreatment may result in the production of fewer degradation products, thereby allowing for higher overall yields of ethanol per ton of starting biomass.
1 . A method of processing lignocellulosic material, comprising the steps of: combining in a reactor a sample of lignocellulosic material and a cellulose-degrading or a hemicellulose-degrading bacterium, resulting in a mixture; and maintaining said mixture at a temperature for a period of time, resulting in a liquid product, and a solid product.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said liquid product comprises ethanol.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material contains, on a dry basis, at least about 20% (w/w) cellulose, at least about 10% (w/w) hemicellulose, and at least about 10% (w/w) lignin.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material is selected from the group consisting of grass, switch grass, cord grass, rye grass, reed canary grass, miscanthus, sugar-processing residues, sugar cane bagasse, agricultural wastes, rice straw, rice hulls, barley straw, corn cobs, cereal straw, wheat straw, canola straw, oat straw, oat hulls, corn fiber, stover, soybean stover, corn stover, forestry wastes, recycled wood pulp fiber, sawdust, hardwood, and softwood.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material is hardwood; and said hardwood is selected from the group consisting of willow, maple, oak, walnut, eucalyptus, elm, birch, buckeye, beech, and ash.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material is hardwood, and said hardwood is willow.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material is softwood; and said softwood is selected from the group consisting of southern yellow pine, fir, cedar, cypress, hemlock, larch, pine, and spruce.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said lignocellulosic material is softwood, and said softwood is southern yellow pine.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said bacterium is a cellulose-degrading bacterium selected from the group consisting of Clostridium termitidis, Micromonospora propionici, Clostridium sp., Streptomyces sp., Micromonospora sp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus luteus, Mc. roseus, Mm acetiformici, Arthrobacter sp., and Ruminococcus albus.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said bacterium is a hemicellulose-degrading bacterium selected from the group consisting of Butyrivibrio sp., Clostridium sp., and Bacteroides sp.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said bacterium is Clostridium thermocellum.
12 . (canceled)
13 . (canceled)
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium is a thermophilic microorganism selected from the group consisting of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes, Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense, Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobacterium zeae, Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, Thermoanaerobacter brocki, Clostridium thermocellum, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Saccharococcus caldoxylosilyticus, Saccharoccus thermophilus, Paenibacillus campinasensis, Bacillus flavothermus, Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis, Anoxybacillus gonensis, Anaerocellum thermophilum, and Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus.
15 . (canceled)
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the bacterium is a cellulolytic and xylanolytic microorganism selected from the group consisting of Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium stercorarium subs. leptospartum, Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii, Clostridium phytofermentans, Anaerocellum thermophilum, and Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus.
17 . (canceled)
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said temperature is between about 50° C. and about 75° C.
19 . (canceled)
20 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said period of time is between about 1 day and about 11 days.
21 . (canceled)
22 . The method of claim 1 , wherein said period of time is less than about 1 day.
23 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of subjecting said liquid product to hydrolysate fermentation.
24 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of subjecting said solid product to autohydrolysis pretreatment.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the autohydrolysis pretreatment is steam hydrolysis or acid hydrolysis.
26 . (canceled)
27 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of subjecting said solid product to consolidated bioprocessing.