Sodium secondary battery comprising carbonaceous material

1. A sodium secondary battery comprising a first electrode and a second electrode including a carbonaceous material that satisfies the following requirement 1 and requirement 2 , wherein the carbonaceous material of the sodium secondary battery contains no lithium:

Requirement 1: an R value (=ID/IG) determined by a Raman spectrometric measurement is 1.07 to 3,

wherein the carbonaceous material is irradiated by laser with wavelength of 532 nm for Raman spectrometric measurement to obtain a Raman spectrum (the vertical axis y represents a scattered light intensity in any optional unit, and the horizontal axis x represents a Raman shift wave number (cm −1 )), the spectrum having each one peak in a range of 1300 to 1400 cm −1 on the horizontal axis and a range of 1570 to 1620 cm −1 on the horizontal axis; a fitting function is derived from the spectrum in a wave number range of 600 to 1740 cm −1 by fitting with two Lorentz functions and a baseline function; a fitting spectrum is derived by reducing the baseline function therefrom; in the fitting spectrum, the maximum value along the vertical axis in a range of 1300 to 1400 cm −1 on the horizontal axis is determined as ID and the maximum value along the vertical axis in a range of 1570 to 1620 cm −1 on the horizontal axis is determined as IG; then ID is divided by IG to give the R value (=ID/IG);

Requirement 2: an A value determined by a small-angle X-ray scattering measurement is −0.5 to 0, and a σ A value is 0 to 0.010,

wherein the carbonaceous material is examined to obtain a small-angle X-Ray scattering spectrum [the horizontal axis represents a wave number q (nm −1 ), and the vertical axis represents S (=log (I)=common logarithm of scattering intensity I)], and the spectrum in a q range of 0.6 nm −1 1.8 nm −1 is subjected to linear approximation by a least-squares method to obtain a slope of the line (A value) and a standard deviation (σ A value) thereof.

2. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is yielded by carbonization of an organic material having an aromatic ring.

3. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 2 , wherein the organic material having an aromatic ring is yielded by polymerization of phenol or a derivative thereof and an aldehyde compound.

4. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is yielded by carbonization of an organic plant material.

5. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 4 , wherein the carbonaceous material is charcoal.

6. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is yielded by carbonization of plant residual oil.

7. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 6 , wherein the plant residual oil is a residual oil obtained in production of resorcinol.

8. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is not yet activated.

9. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material is in a powder form and the BET specific surface area thereof is 1 m 2 /g or higher.

10. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is a positive electrode and the second electrode is a negative electrode.

11. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein a separator is placed between the first electrode and the second electrode.

12. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 11 , wherein the separator comprises a laminated film combining a heat-resistant porous layer and a porous film.

13. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the second electrode comprises a non-fluorinated polymer.

14. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material that satisfies the following requirement 3:

Requirement 3: with respect to an electrode containing an electrode mixture prepared by mixing 85 parts by weight of the carbonaceous material and 15 parts by weight of poly(vinylidene fluoride), pores of not less than 10 nm do not exist substantially in the carbonaceous material in the electrode after being doped and dedoped with sodium ions.

15. The sodium secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous material that satisfies the following requirement 4:

Requirement 4: a Q 1 value obtained by a calorimetric differential thermal analysis measurement is 800 Joules/g or less,

wherein with respect to an electrode containing an electrode mixture prepared by mixing 85 parts by weight of the carbonaceous material and 15 parts by weight of poly(vinylidene fluoride), 1 mg of the electrode mixture in the electrode after sodium ion doping and 8 mg of a nonaqueous electrolyte solution (1 M concentration NaCIO 4 /propylene carbonate) are charged into a well closed container, using α-Al 2 O 3 as a reference, a calorimetric differential thermal analysis measurement is conducted at a temperature increase rate of 10° C./min in a range of 40° C. to 410° C. to obtain a total amount of generated heat Q 1 based on 1 g of the electrode mixture and the nonaqueous electrolyte solution in a range of 100° C. to 400° C.