Method, device and system for modulating an activity of brown adipose tissue in a vertebrate subject

1. A method for modulating an activity of a brown adipose tissue in a vertebrate subject comprising:

inducing non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by applying cooling to one or more tissues of the vertebrate subject with one or more cooling elements, wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to lower the temperature of the one or more tissues and thereby induce non-shivering thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue of the vertebrate subject, wherein at least a portion of the one or more cooling elements is implanted into the one or more tissues,

and controlling the one or more cooling elements with a programmable controller configured to provide instructions to the one or more cooling elements in response to information regarding one or more physiological conditions of the vertebrate subject, the one or more physiological conditions of the vertebrate subject including a plasma level of one or more metabolic analytes.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sensing with one or more sensors the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions and communicating the information from the one or more sensors to the programmable controller.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sensing with one or more sensors the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions and communicating the information from the one or more sensors to a digital processing unit, processing the information with the digital processing unit into at least one resulting instruction, and providing by the digital processing unit the at least one resulting instruction to the programmable controller.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein processing the information with the digital processing unit includes comparing the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions to information of a standard value or preprogrammed value.

5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions from an outside operating source to a receiver including at least one of the programmable controller or a digital processing unit.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the outside operating source includes a computing device or a human operator.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions includes a sugar level or a fatty acid level in the vertebrate subject.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising implanting the programmable controller in the vertebrate subject.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising implanting the programmable controller within a lumen of the vertebrate subject.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising implanting at least a portion of one or more cooling elements within a lumen of the vertebrate subject.

11. The method of claim 10 , further comprising implanting the at least a portion of one or more cooling elements within a circulatory vessel of the vertebrate subject.

12. The method of claim 10 , further comprising implanting the at least a portion of one or more cooling elements within a colon or a large intestine of the vertebrate subject.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues include thermoresponsive tissue of the vertebrate subject.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues include nervous tissue of the vertebrate subject.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues include a cutaneous tissue of the vertebrate subject.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues include brown adipose tissue.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues include tissue in a core of the body of the vertebrate subject.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more tissues includes one or more blood vessels or lymph vessels.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to cool by electrical cooling activity.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to cool by Peltier cooling activity.

21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to cool by heat pumps.

22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the one or more heat pumps are configured to transfer heat to one or more tissues including blood or skin of the vertebrate subject.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to cool by one or more implantable deep tissue heat-extracting components in combination with one or more surface tissue heat-releasing components.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to cool by chemical cooling activity.

25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more cooling elements include one or more of nanoparticles, microparticles, paramagnetic particles, magnetic particles, or chemical core particles.

26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the one or more chemical core particles include endothermal chemical reactants.

27. The method of claim 1 , further comprising injecting the implantable portion of the one or more cooling elements.

28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more implantable cooling elements include one or more endothermic biodegradable particles.

29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the one or more endothermic biodegradable particles include one or more solid ice (H 2 O) particles.

30. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the tissue with the one or more implantable cooling elements to attain a tissue temperature from approximately 4° C. to approximately 36° C.

31. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the tissue with the one or more implantable cooling elements to attain a tissue temperature from approximately 12° C. to approximately 20° C.

32. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the tissue with the one or more implantable cooling elements to attain a tissue temperature from approximately 24° C. to approximately 32° C.

33. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the tissue with the one or more implantable cooling elements to attain a tissue temperature approximately 16° C. or lower.

34. The method of claim 1 , wherein the programmable controller is incorporated in clothing, bedding, furniture, or upholstery.

35. The method of claim 1 , further comprising powering the one or more cooling elements and programmable controller with a power source.

36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the power source includes stored power, a battery, a fuel cell, or beamed power.

37. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vertebrate subject is undergoing treatment for at least one of weight loss, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, or hypercholesterolemia.

38. The method of claim 1 further comprising applying one or more medicaments for treatment of weight loss, metabolic disorder, diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, or hypercholesterolemia, to the one or more tissues in combination with the one or more cooling elements of the device.

39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the one or more medicaments include one or more of β-adrenergic receptor agonist, NPY antagonist, leptin, UCP activating agent, thyroxine, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, MCH antagonist, GLP-1 agonist, 5-HT 2C agonist, 5-HT 2A agonist, galanin antagonist, CRF agonist, urocortin agonist, melanocortin agonist or enterostatin agonist.

40. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying neurostimulation with a neurostimulator to the one or more tissues.

41. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying neurostimualtion with a neurostimulator to one or more second tissues other than the one or more tissues.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the one or more other tissues include nerve tissue.

43. The method of claim 41 , wherein the neurostimulator is one of an electric neurostimulator, magnetic neurostimulator, ultrasonic neurostimulator, or microwave neurostimulator.

44. A method for inducing weight loss in a vertebrate subject:

inducing non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by applying cooling to one or more tissues of the vertebrate subject with one or more cooling elements, wherein the one or more cooling elements are configured to lower the temperature of the one or more tissues and thereby induce non-shivering thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue of the vertebrate subject, wherein at least a portion of the one or more cooling elements is implanted into the one or more tissues,

and controlling the one or more cooling elements with a programmable controller configured to provide instructions to the one or more cooling elements in response to information regarding one or more physiological conditions of the vertebrate subject, the one or more physiological conditions of the vertebrate subject including a glucose level.

45. The method of claim 44 , further comprising sensing with one or more sensors the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions and communicating the information from the one or more sensors to the programmable controller.

46. The method of claim 44 , further comprising sensing with one or more sensors the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions and communicating the information from the one or more sensors to a digital processing unit, processing the information with the digital processing unit into at least one resulting instruction, and providing by the digital processing unit the at least one resulting instruction to the programmable controller.

47. The method of claim 46 , wherein processing the information with the digital processing unit includes comparing the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions to information of a standard value or preprogrammed value.

48. The method of claim 44 , further comprising receiving the information regarding the one or more physiological conditions from an outside operating source to a receiver including at least one of the programmable controller or a digital processing unit.