Coated and cured proppants
Solid proppants are coated with a phenol-urethane coating in one or more layers by a method comprising coating a proppant solid and then curing the coated proppant under conditions sufficient to substantially cure said proppant, wherein said coating comprises a substantially homogeneous mixture of (i) an isocyanate component having at least 2 isocyanate groups, (ii) an amine reactant, and optionally (iii) an amine that is a latent curing agent for said isocyanate.
1. Cured, coated, discrete, proppants comprising solid proppant core particles, each with an outer surface that is substantially covered with a cured, substantially homogeneous polyurethane coating that comprises the polyurethane reaction product of an isocyanate component and a polyol reactant that is selected from the group consisting of cashew nut oil, cardanol, cardol, a hydroxy-functional polyether, and castor oil, wherein said polyurethane reaction product was made with an excess of said isocyanate relative to said polyol and wherein said coated and cured proppant solids exhibit an average particle size within the range from about 50 μm to about 3000 μm and sufficient resistance to flowback and sufficiently high crush resistance to maintain conductivity when placed in a subterranean fracture.
2. Proppants according to claim 1 wherein said coated proppants exhibit a loss of coating of less than 15 wt % when tested according to ISO 13503-5:2006(E).
3. Proppants according to claim 1 wherein said polyurethane was made with 105-300 wt.% of isocyanate base value relative to the weight of said polyol.
4. Proppants according to claim 1 wherein said polyurethane was made with 5-200% excess of —NCO groups in said isocyanate relative to —OH groups in said polyol.
5. Proppants according to claim 1 wherein said core is a sand.
6. Proppants according to claim 1 wherein said core is a ceramic.
7. Substantially cured, coated, discrete, proppants comprising solid proppant core particles, each with an outer surface that is substantially covered with a substantially cured, substantially homogeneous polyurethane coating that comprises the polyurethane reaction product of an isocyanate component and a polyol reactant that comprises castor oil, said coated and substantially cured proppant solids exhibiting an average particle size within the range from about 50 μm to about 3000 μm.
8. Proppants according to claim 7 further comprising an adhesion agent that improves affinity of the coating for the outer surface of said proppant core particle.
9. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said proppant exhibits more than one layer of coating.
10. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said polyurethane coating is present in an amount within the range from about 0.5-10 wt % of resin relative to the mass of the proppant.
11. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said coating further comprises a pigment, tint, dye or other coloring agent in an amount sufficient to provide a visible coloration to said coating.
12. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said core is a sand.
13. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said core is a ceramic.
14. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said proppant further comprises an auxiliary agent that improves pourability of said proppant.
15. Proppants according to claim 7 wherein said proppants exhibit resistance to flow back.
16. Cured, coated, proppants comprising solid proppant core particles, each with an outer surface that is substantially covered with a cured, substantially homogeneous polyurethane coating that comprises the polyurethane reaction product of an isocyanate component and a polyol reactant that is selected from the group consisting of cashew nut oil, cardanol, cardol, a hydroxy-functional polyether, and castor oil, said coated and substantially cured proppant solids exhibiting an average particle size within the range from about 50 μm to about 3000 μm, wherein the core particles are coated with an adhesion agent that improves affinity of the polyurethane coating for the outer surface of said proppant core particle, wherein said polyurethane coating was made with an excess amount of isocyanate relative to said polyol reactant, and wherein the coated proppant exhibits sufficient resistance to flowback and sufficiently high crush resistance to maintain conductivity when placed in a subterranean fracture.
17. Proppant solids according to claim 16 wherein the coating was applied when said core solids were at a temperature within the range from about 50° C. and 150° C.
18. Proppants according to claim 16 wherein said polyurethane was made with 105-300 wt.% of isocyanate base value relative to the weight of said polyol.
19. Proppants according to claim 16 wherein said polyurethane was made with 5-200% excess of —NCO groups in said isocyanate relative to —OH groups in said polyol.