Footwear

1. A footwear upper comprising:

a first layer; and

a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer comprising a lattice defining a tiling pattern of figures, wherein the lattice is in the form of a plurality of stick frames defining apetures through which the first layer is exposed:

wherein the tiling pattern includes progressively larger sizes from a front area of the upper corresponding with a phalanges portion of a user's foot toward a rear area of the upper corresponding with a heel portion of the user's foot, the phalanges portion, the phalanges portion including relatively smaller sized figures and the heel portion including relatively larger sized figures, wherein the larger sized figures provide correspondingly greater air circulation and. the smaller sized figures provide greater air resistance and surface contact; and

wherein the second layer includes a first portion comprising hexagonal tiling pattern, a second portion comprising a rhombille tiling pattern, and a third portion comprising a triangular tiling pattern:

wherein the first and second portions blend their corresponding patterns therebetween, and the second and third portions blend their corresponding patterns therebetween.

2. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the second layer is exterior of the first layer.

3. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the rhombille tiling comprises a tessellation of 60° rhombi.

4. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the rhombille tiling comprises a hexagonal tiling of overlapping hexagonally shaped figures, each figure being divided into three rhombi meeting at a center point of the hexagonally shaped figure.

5. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the lattice provides at least one of traction and padding relative to a sail boat component that is engaged by the footwear.

6. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the first layer comprises a mesh material, allowing air and moisture to pass through the second layer lattice and openings defined by the mesh material.

7. The footwear upper of claim 6 , wherein the mesh material comprises a three-dimensional mesh having an inner layer, an outer layer, and filaments extending between the inner and outer layers in an arrangement that allows air and moisture to pass between the inner and outer layers.

8. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the second layer comprises rubber.

9. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the second layer has durometer of between about 35 Shore A and about 70 Shore A.

10. The footwear upper of claim 1 , wherein the second layer has a thickness of between about 1 mm and about 1.5 cm.

11. A footwear article comprising:

a sole assembly; and

an upper assembly attached to the sole assembly, the upper assembly comprising:

a first layer; and

a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer comprising a lattice defining a tiling pattern of figures,

wherein the lattice is in the form of a plurality of stick frames defining apertures through which the first layer is exposed; and

wherein the tiling pattern includes progressively larger sizes from a front area of the upper corresponding with a phalanges portion of a user's foot toward a rear area of the upper corresponding with a heel portion of the user's foot, the phalanges portion, the phalanges portion including relatively smaller sized figures and the heel portion including relatively larger sized figures, wherein the larger sized figures provide correspondingly greater air circulation and. the smaller sized figures provide greater air resistance and surface contact.

12. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the second layer includes a first portion comprising a hexagonal tiling pattern, a second portion comprising a rhombille tiling pattern, and a third portion comprising a triangular tiling pattern, and

wherein the first and second portions blend their corresponding patterns therebetween, and the second and third portions blend their corresponding patterns therebetween.

13. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the rhombille tiling comprises a tessellation of 60° rhombi.

14. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the rhombille tiling comprises a hexagonal tiling of overlapping hexagonally shaped figures, each figure being divided into three rhombi meeting at a center point of the hexagonally shaped figure.

15. The footwear article of claim 14 , wherein first and second diagonals of each rhombus have a ratio of 1:√3.

16. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the first layer comprises a mesh material, allowing air and moisture to pass through the second layer lattice and openings defined by the mesh material.

17. The footwear article of claim 16 , wherein the mesh material comprises a three-dimensional mesh having an inner layer, an outer layer, and filaments extending the inner and outer layers in an arrangement that allows air and moisture to pass between the inner and outer layers.

18. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the second layer comprises rubber.

19. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the second layer has durometer of between about 35 Shore A and about 70 Shore A.

20. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the second layer has a thickness of between about 1 mm and about 1.5 cm.

21. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the second layer has a thickness of About 2 mm.

22. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the sole assembly comprises an outsole body having a ground contact surface and defining grooves having a sinusoidal path along the ground contact surface, the grooves being arranged to provide an edge density of between about 40 mm/cm 2 and about 200 mm/cm 2 and a surface contact ratio of between about 40 % and about 95 %.

23. The footwear article of claim 22 , wherein at least one sinusoidal groove path along the ground contact surface has an amplitude of between about 3 mm and about 25 mm and/or a frequency of between about 4 mm and about 50 mm.

24. The footwear article of claim 23 , wherein the corresponding groove of the at least one sinusoidal groove path has a width of about 0.4 mm.

25. The footwear article of claim 23 , wherein the corresponding groove of the at least one sinusoidal groove path has a depth of about 1.2 mm.

26. The footwear article of claim 22 , wherein each groove has at least one shoulder edge with the ground contact surface, the at least one shoulder edge defining a right angle with a substantially non-radiused corner.

27. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the sole assembly comprises an outsole body having a ground contact surface and defining grooves having a sinusoidal path along the ground contact surface, the grooves defining a sinusoidal groove path along the ground contact surface having an amplitude of about 5 mm and a frequency of about 6.3 mm.

28. The footwear article of claim 27 , wherein the grooves have at least one of a width of about 0.4 mm and a depth of about 1.2 mm.

29. The footwear article of claim 27 , wherein adjacent grooves are offset from each other along the ground contact surface in a common direction by an offset distance of about 3.15 mm.

30. The footwear article of claim 27 , further comprising at least one channel connecting adjacent grooves.

31. The footwear article of claim 27 , wherein the grooves are arranged substantially parallel to each other to provide an edge density of about 106 mm/cm 2 and a surface contact ratio of about 91%.

32. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the sole assembly comprises an outsole body having a ground contact surface and defining grooves having a sinusoidal path along the ground contact surface, the grooves defining a sinusoidal groove path along the ground contact surface having an amplitude of about 17.6 mm and a frequency of about 40 mm.

33. The footwear article of claim 32 , wherein the grooves have at least one of a width of about 1 mm and a depth of about 1.5 mm.

34. The footwear article of claim 33 , wherein adjacent grooves are offset from each other along the ground contact surface in a common direction by an offset distance of between about 3 mm and about 3.75 mm.

35. The footwear article of claim 34 , wherein for three consecutive grooves along the ground contact surface, a first groove is offset from a second groove by an offset distance of about 3 mm and the second groove is offset from a third groove by an offset distance of about 3.75 mm.

36. The footwear article of claim 32 , wherein at least some adjacent grooves intersect each other periodically along their respective sinusoidal paths.

37. The footwear article of claim 32 , wherein the grooves are arranged substantially parallel to each other to provide an edge density of about 59 mm/cm 2 and a surface contact ratio of about 67%.

38. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the sole assembly comprises an outsole body comprising at least one of rubber having a durometer of between about 45 Shore A and about 65 Shore A, a rubber having a minimum coefficient of friction of about 0.9and a durometer of between about 50 Shore A and about 65 Shore A, and a rubber having a minimum coefficient of friction of about 1.1 and a durometer of between about 50 Shore A and about 65 Shore A.

39. The footwear article of claim 11 , wherein the sole assembly comprises an outsole body having lateral and medial portions and a ground contact surface, the outsole defining a longitudinal axis along a walking direction and perpendicular transverse axis, so the ground contact surface having

a first tread region disposed on the lateral outsole body portion near a lateral periphery of the outsole,

a second tread region disposed on the medial outsole body portion near a medial periphery of the outsole, and

a third tread region disposed between the first and second tread regions in at least a ground striking portion of the outsole;

wherein the first and second tread regions define grooves having a sinusoidal path along the ground contact surface with an axis of propagation substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the outsole, adjacent grooves offset from each other along the transverse axis by a first offset distance; and

wherein the third tread region defines grooves having a sinusoidal path along the ground contact surface with an axis of propagation substantially parallel to the transverse axis of the outsole, adjacent grooves offset from each other along the longitudinal axis by a second offset distance.

40. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the grooves of the first and second tread regions define a sinusoidal groove path along the ground contact surface having an amplitude of about 17.6 mm and a frequency of about 40 mm.

41. The footwear article of claim 40 , wherein the grooves of the first and second tread regions have at least one of a width of about 1 mm and a depth of about 1.5 mm.

42. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the first offset distance is between about 3 mm and about 3.75 mm and the second offset distance is about 3.15 mm.

43. The footwear article of claim 42 , wherein for three consecutive grooves along the ground contact surface of the first and second tread regions, a first groove is offset from a second groove by an offset distance of about 3 mm and the second groove is offset from a third groove by an offset distance of about 3.75 mm.

44. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the grooves of the first and second tread regions are arranged to provide an edge density of about 59 mm/cm 2 and a surface contact ratio of about 67%.

45. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the grooves of the third tread region define a sinusoidal groove path along the ground contact surface having an amplitude of about 5 mm and a frequency of about 6.3 mm.

46. The footwear article of claim 45 , wherein the grooves of the third tread region have at least one of a width of about 0.4 mm and a depth of about 1.2 mm.

47. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the third tread region further comprise at least one channel connecting adjacent grooves.

48. The footwear article of claim 47 , wherein the at least one channel has a depth of about half a depth of the grooves of the third tread region.

49. The footwear article of claim 47 , wherein the at least one channel has a width substantially equal to a width of the grooves the third tread region.

50. The footwear article of claim 39 , wherein the grooves of the third tread region are arranged to provide an edge density of about 106 mm/cm 2 and a surface contact ratio of about 91%.