PHOTOINITIATOR AND PHOTOCURABLE COMPOSITIONS AND USES
The photocuring efficiency of an N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is increased by mixing it with an organic phosphine as a photoinitiator efficiency amplifier. This mixture or photoinitiator composition can be used to cure acrylates or other photocurable compounds, particularly in an oxygen-containing environment.
1 . A photoinitiator composition comprising at least one N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator, and at least one organic phosphine as an N-oxyazinium salt efficiency amplifier.
2 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the organic phosphine is represented by the following Structure (I) or (II):
(R′) 3 P (I)
(R′) 2 P-L-P(R′) 2 (II)
wherein the multiple R′ groups are:
(1) hydrogen,
(2) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups,
(3) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups,
(4) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups,
(5) the same or different HO[{CH(R)} x ] y groups wherein the multiple R groups are the same or different and can be hydrogen atoms or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or two R′ groups together can form a cyclic aliphatic ring or fused ring system, x is an integer of at least 2 and up to and including 20, and y is an integer of at least 1 and up to and including 20, or
(6) two adjacent R′ groups are joined together to form a cyclic ring with the phosphorus atom, provided at least one R′ group is not hydrogen, and
L is a connecting group having at least 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the linking chain.
3 . The composition of claim 2 wherein the multiple R′ groups are the same or different substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups having 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the ring, or HO[{CH(R)} x ] y groups wherein the multiple R groups are hydrogen atoms or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, x is an integer of at least 2 and up to and including 10, and y is an integer of at least 1 and up to and including 10, and L is a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms in the linking chain.
4 . The composition of claim 1 comprising one or more of methyl phosphine, dimethyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri-n-butyl phosphine, triisobutyl phosphine, triamyl phosphine, trihexyl phosphine, trinonyl phosphine, tri-(ethylene glycol)phosphine, tri-(propylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isopropylene glycol)phosphine, tri(butylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isobutylene glycol)phosphine, tri(pentylene glycol)phosphine, tri(hexylene glycol)phosphine, tri(nonylene glycol)phosphine, tri(diethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(triethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polyethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polypropylene glycol)phosphine, di(ethylamino)phenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, tritoylphosphine, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tri(polybutylene glycol)phosphine, bis(diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,5-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)pentane, 1,4-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane, bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monoxide, and the compound represented by the following structure:
5 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is represented by either of the following Structures (III) and (IV):
wherein A and B in Structure (III) independently represent a carbon, C—R 5 , C—R 6 or nitrogen, X is O, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, any of the A, B, and R groups where chemically feasible can be joined together to form a ring, and Y − is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or a charged part of an A, B, or R group,
wherein A in Structure (IV) represents a carbon, C—R 5 , nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atom with sufficient bonds and substituents to form a heteroaromatic ring, X is O, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, or any two R groups together can form a ring, and Y − is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or part of a charged R group.
6 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a cation represented by one of the following formulae:
wherein R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an acyl group, wherein R 1 can also include a charge balancing anion, the R 2 groups independently represent hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group, or nitrile group, X is a divalent linking group, and Z is an aliphatic linking group.
7 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a reduction potential less negative than −1.4 V and comprises an N-oxy group that is capable of releasing an oxy radical during irradiation of the photocurable composition.
8 . The composition of claim 1 further comprising a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator that is selected from the group consisting of ketocoumarins, benzophenones, xanthones, thioxanthones, arylketones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
9 . The composition of claim 1 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is present in an amount of at least 1 weight % and up to and including 50 weight %, based on the total composition solids, and the weight ratio of organic phosphine to N-ozyazinium salt photoinitiator is at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 100:1.
10 . The composition of claim 1 that is a photocurable composition further comprising at least one photocurable compound.
11 . The composition of claim 10 comprising at least one acrylate as a photocurable compound.
12 . The composition of claim 10 comprising at least one ethylenically unsaturated polymerizable monomer as a photocurable compound.
13 . The composition of claim 10 wherein the organic phosphine is represented by the following Structure (I) or (II):
(R′) 3 P (I)
(R′) 2 P-L-P(R′) 2 (II)
wherein the multiple R′ groups are:
(1) hydrogen,
(2) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups,
(3) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl groups,
(4) the same or different substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups,
(5) the same or different HO[{CH(R)} x ] y groups wherein the multiple R groups are the same or different and can be hydrogen atoms or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or cycloalkyl groups, or two R′ groups together can form a cyclic aliphatic ring or fused ring system, x is an integer of at least 2 and up to and including 20, and y is an integer of at least 1 and up to and including 20, or
(6) two adjacent R′ groups are joined together to form a cyclic ring with the phosphorus atom, provided at least one R′ group is not hydrogen, and
L is a connecting group having at least 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the linking chain.
14 . The composition of claim 13 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator is represented by either of the following Structures (III) and (IV):
wherein A and B in Structure (III) independently represent a carbon, C—R 5 , C—R 6 or nitrogen, X is O, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, any of the A, B, and R groups where chemically feasible can be joined to form a ring, and Y is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or a charged part of an A, B, or R group,
wherein A in Structure (IV) represents a carbon, C—R 5 , nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen atom with sufficient bonds and substituents to form a heteroaromatic ring, X is O, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently hydrogen, or alkyl or aryl groups, or any two R groups can form a ring, and Y is a charge balancing anion that can be a separate moiety or part of a charged R group.
15 . The composition of claim 10 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a cation represented by one of the following formulae:
wherein R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an acyl group, wherein R 1 can also include a charge balancing anion, the R 2 groups independently represent hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl group, or a nitrile group, X is a divalent linking group, and Z is an aliphatic linking group.
16 . The composition of claim 10 wherein the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator has a reduction potential less negative than −1.4 V and comprises an N-oxy group that is capable of releasing an oxy radical during irradiation of the photocurable composition.
17 . The composition of claim 10 further comprising a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator that is selected from the group consisting of ketocoumarins, benzophenones, xanthones, thioxanthones, arylketones, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
18 . The composition of claim 10 further comprising a non-reactive organic solvent.
19 . The composition of claim 10 comprising at least one photocurable compound that also acts as the composition solvent.
20 . The composition of claim 10 that is a photocurable ink that further comprises a colorant.
21 . The composition of claim 10 comprising one or more of methyl phosphine, dimethyl phosphine, trimethyl phosphine, triethyl phosphine, tripropyl phosphine, tri-n-butyl phosphine, triisobutyl phosphine, triamyl phosphine, trihexyl phosphine, trinonyl phosphine, tri-(ethylene glycol)phosphine, tri-(propylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isopropylene glycol)phosphine, tri(butylene glycol)phosphine, tri(isobutylene glycol)phosphine, tri(pentylene glycol)phosphine, tri(hexylene glycol)phosphine, tri(nonylene glycol)phosphine, tri(diethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(triethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polyethylene glycol)phosphine, tri(polypropylene glycol)phosphine, di(ethylamino)phenylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, tritoylphosphine, tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, tri(polybutylene glycol) phosphine, bis(diphenylphosphinoethyl)phenylphosphine, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, 1,5-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)pentane, 1,4-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)butane, 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane, bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane monoxide, and the compound represented by the following structure:
and an N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator having a cation represented by one of the following formulae:
wherein R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or an acyl group, wherein R 1 can also include a charge balancing anion, the R 2 groups independently represent hydrogen, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl group, or a nitrile group, X is a divalent linking group, and Z is an aliphatic linking group.
22 . A kit comprising:
a precursor composition comprising one or more photocurable acrylates, and
b) a photoinitiator composition comprising at least one N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator, a photosensitizer for the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator, and an organic phosphine that is an N-oxyazinium salt efficiency amplifier.
23 . The kit of claim 22 wherein the weight ratio of the organic phosphine to the N-oxyazinium salt photoinitiator of at least 0.01:1 and up to and including 100:1.
24 . The kit of claim 22 wherein the precursor composition is in liquid form and the photoinitiator composition is in solid form.
25 . The kit of claim 22 wherein both precursor composition and photoinitiator composition are in solid form.