Inks including block copolymer grafted pigments via azide chemistry

1. Pigment based inks including:

a non-polar carrier fluid; and

a surface-functionalized pigment particle including a nitrogen-linked moiety to the surface of the pigment particle through a nitrogen link at one end of the nitrogen-linked moiety and a block copolymer having at least two blocks attached at another end, the pigment particle suspended in the non-polar carrier fluid.

2. The inks of claim 1 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is a non-polar solvent selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, partially halogenated hydrocarbons, and siloxanes.

3. The inks of claim 2 wherein the non-polar solvent is selected from the group consisting of perchloroethylene, cyclohexane, dodecane, mineral oil, isoparaffinic fluids, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, octamethylcyclosiloxane, and combinations thereof.

4. The inks of claim 1 wherein the pigment particle is selected from the group consisting of black pigment particles, yellow pigment particles, magenta pigment particles, red pigment particles, violet pigment particles, cyan pigment particles, blue pigment particles, green pigment particles, orange pigment particles, brown pigment particles, and white pigment particles.

5. The inks of claim 1 wherein the nitrogen-linked moiety includes a tetrafluorophenyl portion.

6. The inks of claim 1 wherein the block copolymer graft comprises two blocks, an inner block that contains either acidic or basic functionalized side groups that facilitate charging of the particle, attached to the nitrogen-linked moiety, and an outer block attached to the inner block that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion.

7. The inks of claim 6 wherein the inner block is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, azides, thiols, thiolates, sulfides, sulfinates, sulfonates, phosphates, hydroxyls, alcoholates, phenolates, carbonyls, carboxylates, phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonic acids, phosphoramides, and phosphates and wherein the outer block is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, branched alkyl groups, branched alkoxy groups and substituted phenyl groups.

8. The inks of claim 1 wherein the block copolymer graft comprises three blocks, an inner block attached to the nitrogen-linked moiety that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion, a middle block attached to the inner block that contains either acidic or basic functionalized side groups that facilitate charging of the particle, and an outer block attached to the middle block that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion.

9. The inks of claim 8 wherein the inner block and the outer block are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, branched alkyl groups, branched alkoxy groups and substituted phenyl groups and wherein the middle block is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, azides, thiols, thiolates, sulfides, sulfinates, sulfonates, phosphates, hydroxyls, alcoholates, phenolates, carbonyls, carboxylates, phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonic acids, phosphoramides, and phosphates.

10. The inks of claim 1 further including a charge director, wherein the charge director is a small molecule or polymer that is capable of forming reverse micelles in the non-polar carrier fluid.

11. In combination, an electronic display and an electronic ink, wherein the electronic display includes:

a first electrode;

a second electrode; and

a display cell having a recess defined by a dielectric material, the first electrode, and the second electrode, the display cell containing the electronic ink; and wherein the electronic ink includes:

a non-polar carrier fluid; and

a surface-functionalized pigment particle including a nitrogen-linked moiety to the surface of the pigment particle through a nitrogen link at one end of the nitrogen-linked moiety and a block copolymer having at least two blocks attached at another end, the pigment particle suspended in the non-polar carrier fluid.

12. The combination of claim 11 wherein the electronic display includes a plurality of display cells in a stacked configuration, associated first electrodes and second electrodes, and a plurality of electronic inks of different colors, each display cell containing an electronic ink of a different color.

13. The combination of claim 11 wherein the non-polar carrier fluid is a non-polar solvent selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, partially halogenated hydrocarbons, and siloxanes.

14. The combination of claim 11 wherein the colored pigment is a colored polymeric particle having a size ranging from 1 nm to 10 μm and is selected from the group consisting of black pigment particles, yellow pigment particles, magenta pigment particles, red pigment particles, violet pigment particles, cyan pigment particles, blue pigment particles, green pigment particles, orange pigment particles, brown pigment particles, and white pigment particles.

15. The combination of claim 11 wherein the nitrogen-linked moiety includes a tetrafluorophenyl portion.

16. The combination of claim 11 wherein the block copolymer graft comprises two blocks, an inner block attached to the nitrogen-linked moiety that contains either acidic or basic functionalized side groups that facilitate charging of the particle and an outer block attached to the inner block that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion, wherein the inner block is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, azides, thiols, thiolates, sulfides, sulfinates, sulfonates, phosphates, hydroxyls, alcoholates, phenolates, carbonyls, carboxylates, phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonic acids, phosphoramides, and phosphates and wherein the outer block is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, branched alkyl groups, branched alkoxy groups and substituted phenyl groups.

17. The combination of claim 11 wherein the block copolymer graft comprises three blocks, an inner block attached to the nitrogen-linked moiety that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion, a middle block attached to the inner block that contains either acidic or basic functionalized side groups that facilitate charging of the particle, and an outer block attached to the middle block that contains bulky organic groups to help facilitate the solubility of such functionalized polymers in the solvent and provide a steric stabilization to the resulting particle dispersion, wherein the inner block and the outer block are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkoxy groups, branched alkyl groups, branched alkoxy groups and substituted phenyl groups and wherein the middle block is selected from the group consisting of primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, amides, nitriles, isonitriles, cyanates, isocyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, azides, thiols, thiolates, sulfides, sulfinates, sulfonates, phosphates, hydroxyls, alcoholates, phenolates, carbonyls, carboxylates, phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphonic acids, phosphoramides, and phosphates.

18. The combination of claim 11 further including a charge director, wherein the charge director is a small molecule or polymer that is capable of forming reverse micelles in the non-polar carrier fluid.

19. A method for making a nitrogen-linked surface functionalized pigment particle including:

providing an azide;

causing the azide initiator to initiate polymerization of a first block monomer to give a first block azide living polymer;

adding a second monomer to the first block living polymer to give a two-block azide living polymer;

causing an inorganic or organic pigment to undergo a coupling reaction with the azide on the two-block living polymer to form a functionalized di-block copolymer grafted pigment through a nitrogen link.

20. The method of claim 19 further comprising adding a third monomer to the two-block living azide polymer, which yields a three-block azide living polymer and causing the inorganic or organic pigment to undergo a coupling reaction with the azide on the three-block living polymer to form a functionalized tri-block copolymer grafted pigment through a nitrogen link.