PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES WITH IMPROVED ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND METHODS THEREOF

1 . A photovoltaic module, the module comprising:

a first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

a second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

a first bus bar electrically connected to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

a second bus bar electrically connected to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first back electrode is located between the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

the second front electrode is located between the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first sub-module and the second sub-module are different; and

the first bus bar and the second bus bar are different.

2 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein the first plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell.

3 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein the second plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the third photovoltaic cell and the fourth photovoltaic cell.

4 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , and further comprising:

a first front contact; and

a second front contact different from the first front contact;

wherein:

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the first front electrode through the first front contact; and

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the second front electrode through the second front contact.

5 . The photovoltaic module of claim 4 , and further comprising:

a first back contact; and

a second back contact different from the first back contact;

wherein:

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the first back electrode through the first back contact; and

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the second back electrode through the second back contact.

6 . The photovoltaic module of claim 5 wherein:

the first back contact is located between the first front contact and the second front contact; and

the second front contact is located between the first back contact and the second back contact.

7 . The photovoltaic module of claim 5 , and further comprising:

a first interconnect electrically connecting the first front contact and the first bus bar;

a second interconnect electrically connecting the second front contact and the first bus bar;

a third interconnect electrically connecting the first back contact and the second bus bar; and

a fourth interconnect electrically connecting the second back contact and the second bus bar.

8 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein:

the first photovoltaic cell includes a first n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first front electrode;

the second photovoltaic cell includes a first p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first back electrode;

the third photovoltaic cell includes a second n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second front electrode; and

the fourth photovoltaic cell includes a second p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second back electrode.

9 . The photovoltaic module of claim 8 wherein:

each of the first p-type semiconductor layer and the second p-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium telluride; and

each of the first n-type semiconductor layer and the second n-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium sulfide.

10 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein the first sub-module and the second sub-module are located on a same substrate.

11 . The photovoltaic module of claim 10 wherein the substrate includes glass.

12 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more metal foils.

13 . The photovoltaic module of claim 1 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more wires.

14 . A method for making a photovoltaic module, the method comprising:

providing a substrate;

forming a first sub-module on the substrate, the first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

forming a second sub-module on the substrate, the second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

electrically connecting a first bus bar to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

electrically connecting a second bus bar to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate include:

placing the first back electrode between the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

placing the second front electrode between the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate are different; and

the process for forming a first bus bar and the process for forming a second bus bar are different.

15 . A photovoltaic module, the module comprising:

a first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

a second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

a first bus bar electrically connected to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

a second bus bar electrically connected to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first back electrode is located between the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

the second back electrode is located between the first front electrode and the second front electrode;

wherein:

the first sub-module and the second sub-module are different; and

the first bus bar and the second bus bar are different.

16 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein:

the first back electrode and the second back electrode are different;

the first back electrode is located between the first front electrode and the second back electrode; and

the second back electrode is located between the first back electrode and the second front electrode.

17 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein the first back electrode is the second back electrode.

18 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein the first plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell.

19 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein the second plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the third photovoltaic cell and the fourth photovoltaic cell.

20 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 , and further comprising:

a first front contact; and

a second front contact;

wherein:

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the first front electrode through the first front contact; and

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the second front electrode through the second front contact.

21 . The photovoltaic module of claim 20 , and further comprising:

a first back contact; and

a second back contact;

wherein:

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the first back electrode through the first back contact; and

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the second back electrode through the second back contact.

22 . The photovoltaic module of claim 21 wherein:

the first back contact is different from the second back contact;

the first back contact is located between the first front contact and the second back contact; and

the second back contact is located between the first back contact and the second front contact.

23 . The photovoltaic module of claim 21 wherein:

the first back contact is the second back contact; and

the first back contact is located between the first front contact and the second front contact.

24 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein:

the first photovoltaic cell includes a first n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first front electrode;

the second photovoltaic cell includes a first p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first back electrode;

the third photovoltaic cell includes a second n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second front electrode; and

the fourth photovoltaic cell includes a second p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second back electrode.

25 . The photovoltaic module of claim 24 wherein:

each of the first p-type semiconductor layer and the second p-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium telluride; and

each of the first n-type semiconductor layer and the second n-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium sulfide.

26 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein the first sub-module and the second sub-module are located on a same substrate.

27 . The photovoltaic module of claim 26 wherein the substrate includes glass.

28 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more metal foils.

29 . The photovoltaic module of claim 15 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more wires.

30 . A method for making a photovoltaic module, the method comprising:

providing a substrate;

forming a first sub-module on the substrate, the first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

forming a second sub-module on the substrate, the second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

electrically connecting a first bus bar to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

electrically connecting a second bus bar to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate include:

placing the first back electrode between the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

placing the second back electrode between the first front electrode and the second front electrode;

wherein:

the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate are different; and

the process for forming a first bus bar and the process for forming a second bus bar are different.

31 . A photovoltaic module, the module comprising:

a first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

a second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

a first bus bar electrically connected to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

a second bus bar electrically connected to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first front electrode is located between the first back electrode and the second back electrode; and

the second front electrode is located between the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first sub-module and the second sub-module are different; and

the first bus bar and the second bus bar are different.

32 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein:

the first front electrode and the second front electrode are different;

the first front electrode is located between the first back electrode and the second front electrode; and

the second front electrode is located between the first front electrode and the second back electrode.

33 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein the first front electrode is the second front electrode.

34 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein the first plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell.

35 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein the second plurality of photovoltaic cells includes at least an additional photovoltaic cell connected in series between the third photovoltaic cell and the fourth photovoltaic cell.

36 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 , and further comprising:

a first front contact; and

a second front contact;

wherein:

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the first front electrode through the first front contact; and

the first bus bar is electrically connected to the second front electrode through the second front contact.

37 . The photovoltaic module of claim 36 , and further comprising:

a first back contact; and

a second back contact;

wherein:

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the first back electrode through the first back contact; and

the second bus bar is electrically connected to the second back electrode through the second back contact.

38 . The photovoltaic module of claim 37 wherein:

the first front contact is different from the second front contact;

the first front contact is located between the first back contact and the second front contact; and

the second front contact is located between the first front contact and the second back contact.

39 . The photovoltaic module of claim 37 wherein:

the first front contact is the second front contact; and

the first front contact is located between the first back contact and the second back contact.

40 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein:

the first photovoltaic cell includes a first n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first front electrode;

the second photovoltaic cell includes a first p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the first back electrode;

the third photovoltaic cell includes a second n-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second front electrode; and

the fourth photovoltaic cell includes a second p-type semiconductor layer directly or indirectly connected to the second back electrode.

41 . The photovoltaic module of claim 40 wherein:

each of the first p-type semiconductor layer and the second p-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium telluride; and

each of the first n-type semiconductor layer and the second n-type semiconductor layer includes cadmium sulfide.

42 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein the first sub-module and the second sub-module are located on a same substrate.

43 . The photovoltaic module of claim 42 wherein the substrate includes glass.

44 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more metal foils.

45 . The photovoltaic module of claim 31 wherein each of the first bus bar and the second bus bar includes one or more wires.

46 . A method for making a photovoltaic module, the method comprising:

providing a substrate;

forming a first sub-module on the substrate, the first sub-module including a first plurality of photovoltaic cells, the first plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a first photovoltaic cell and ending with a second photovoltaic cell, the first photovoltaic cell including a first front electrode, the second photovoltaic cell including a first back electrode;

forming a second sub-module on the substrate, the second sub-module including a second plurality of photovoltaic cells, the second plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series starting with a third photovoltaic cell and ending with a fourth photovoltaic cell, the third photovoltaic cell including a second front electrode, the fourth photovoltaic cell including a second back electrode;

electrically connecting a first bus bar to at least the first front electrode and the second front electrode; and

electrically connecting a second bus bar to at least the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate include:

placing the first front electrode between the first back electrode and the second back electrode; and

placing the second front electrode between the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the process for forming a first sub-module on the substrate and the process for forming a second sub-module on the substrate are different; and

the process for forming a first bus bar and the process for forming a second bus bar are different.

47 . A photovoltaic sub-module, the sub-module comprising:

a first photovoltaic cell including a first p-type semiconductor layer, a first n-type semiconductor layer, and a first back electrode;

a second photovoltaic cell including a second p-type semiconductor layer, a second n-type semiconductor layer, and a second back electrode;

a front electrode electrically connected to the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell;

a first bus bar electrically connected to the front electrode; and

a second bus bar electrically connected to the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first p-type semiconductor layer and the second p-type semiconductor layer are not directly connected;

the first n-type semiconductor layer and the second n-type semiconductor layer are not directly connected; and

the first bus bar and the second bus bar are different.

48 . A method for making a photovoltaic sub-module, the method comprising:

providing a substrate;

forming a first photovoltaic cell on the substrate, the first photovoltaic cell including a first p-type semiconductor layer, a first n-type semiconductor layer, and a first back electrode;

forming a second photovoltaic cell on the substrate, the second photovoltaic cell including a second p-type semiconductor layer, a second n-type semiconductor layer, and a second back electrode;

forming a front electrode electrically connected to the first photovoltaic cell and the second photovoltaic cell;

electrically connecting a first bus bar to the front electrode; and

electrically connecting a second bus bar to the first back electrode and the second back electrode;

wherein:

the first p-type semiconductor layer and the second p-type semiconductor layer are not directly connected;

the first n-type semiconductor layer and the second n-type semiconductor layer are not directly connected; and

the process for forming a first bus bar and the process for forming a second bus bar are different.