Electrical devices with enhanced electrochemical activity and manufacturing methods thereof
In some aspects, a device is provided having a member with a region of enhanced electrochemical activity. In one aspect, a sensor of enhanced electrochemical activity is provided for detecting an analyte concentration level in a bio-fluid sample. The sensor may include a sensor member of a semiconductor material wherein the sensor member has a surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity. In other aspects, the member may be made of semiconducting foam having a surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity. In some embodiments, the region may be thermally-induced. Manufacturing methods and apparatus are also provided, as are numerous other aspects.
1. A method of manufacturing an analyte sensor for measuring glucose concentration in a bio-fluid, the method comprising:
providing a sensor member in the form of a fiber including a core formed of conductive material surrounded by a cladding formed of a semiconductor material including silicon carbide;
providing a surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity on the cladding of the sensor member by applying heat via laser to a portion of a surface of the sensor member sufficient to alter a response to an analyte of the cladding exposed to the heat to be five or more times greater than before exposure; and
providing an active region over at least a portion of the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity, the active region including an agent selected from among glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), pyrolloquinoline quinine (PQQ), and flavin adenine 25 dinucleotide (FAD), and being adapted to be exposed to a bio-fluid sample.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser is pulsed at between about 10 kHz and about 100 kHz.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the laser is moved along a dimension of the sensor member at a rate of between about 20 mm/s and about 200 mm/s.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface region constitutes less than all of an entire surface of the sensor member.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface region constitutes substantially all of a peripheral surface of the sensor member.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity extends inwardly from the surface of the sensor member to a depth of at least 5 microns.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the depth is at least 10 microns.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity is thermally induced by subjecting the surface region to a temperature of greater than about 1000° C. without removing a significant amount of material from the surface region.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the temperature is greater than about 1500° C.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the temperature is greater than about 2000° C.
11. A method of manufacturing an analyte sensor for measuring lactate concentration in a bio-fluid, the method comprising:
providing a sensor member in the form of a fiber including a core formed of conductive material surrounded by a cladding formed of a semiconductor material, the semiconductor material including one of silicon, germanium, silicon germanide (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and indium phosphide (InP);
providing a surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity on the cladding of the sensor member by applying heat via laser to a portion of a surface of the sensor member sufficient to alter a response to an analyte of the cladding exposed to the heat to be five or more times greater than before exposure; and
providing an active region over at least a portion of the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity, the active region including lactate oxidase and being adapted to be exposed to a bio-fluid sample.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the surface region constitutes less than all of an entire surface of the sensor member.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity is thermally induced by subjecting the surface region to a temperature of greater than about 1000° C. and wherein the cladding is formed from SiC.
14. A method of manufacturing an analyte sensor for measuring an analyte concentration in a bio-fluid, the method comprising:
providing a rod-shaped conductive core;
forming an annular cladding of a semiconductor material surrounding the core, the semiconductor material including one of silicon, germanium, silicon germanide (SiGe), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and indium phosphide (InP);
forming a surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity on the cladding by applying localized heat via laser to a portion of a surface area of the cladding sufficient to alter a response to an analyte of the cladding under the surface area exposed to the localized heat to be five or more times greater than before exposure; and
forming an active region over at least a portion of the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity, the active region including D-aspartate oxidase and being adapted to be exposed to a bio-fluid sample.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the surface region is less than all of an entire surface of the cladding.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the surface region of enhanced electrochemical activity is thermally induced by subjecting the surface region to a temperature of greater than about 1000° C. and wherein the cladding is formed from SiC.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the temperature is greater than about 1500° C.